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is a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 Y9 y' g# K: v& P" n; [1 iprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
" [. X  {0 G" |. U5 R" Sthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
( p+ J  m5 \6 }2 r7 M5 Ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 ?" r& a0 `/ s! F7 Z* N
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 d3 X  O9 b7 M  p9 F3 Z( Yby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" Q, I/ d& V! }hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-4 W& _8 g/ h5 f1 v! B
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We* @9 {: n5 H9 O, `- z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the% V; i& r. ^1 p4 K
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
. c; _+ {3 N; H" [% W# ~ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
1 G) k2 k: K, j. tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by9 N. ^2 q5 p# q% P
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 b3 m2 W' M* R& M5 Nmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this% j5 d9 \% K- Q2 j* \& ~5 L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
$ |+ W! ?6 R: ?5 o( o; p4 ^testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
/ u# U! T) B. Qbly more common than the rare case report in the
% |/ Y# J+ E0 j/ K/ ]& Eliterature.4
; Y9 z( q7 w" ~Patient Report
; g/ w0 m( [2 |: ~. p2 bA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
; ?% v/ r3 c1 Xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
: J& R4 ~6 S6 \4 V+ sof early sexual development. His mother noticed! o* s9 v! n$ L4 }8 I. g4 K
light colored pubic hair development when he was
$ J" Q2 c4 o, m2 f7 B# q: ~0 sFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
7 S( [( ^+ X( \/ e+ E) YSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: L0 `; M7 b, F/ R# g3 DAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,- P; D& O$ r! y* s  }
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& b( @3 ~4 P9 I) I' ?! f. MMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
) O2 h8 _: `; j9 {' o2 oe-mail: [email protected].
1 W3 ^! m+ ^" y# U0 v7 \about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' v8 P1 v0 _; D7 j9 mdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! g" y3 x9 O6 W1 p# r
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child3 P& v+ p( e( r' p: ^8 w% w8 w
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with8 C8 w# Z  h  Y" o$ m( b+ u
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of9 z8 f2 _0 O3 R
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year" I* j8 O( B: y  A
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
9 l3 P4 J! g; H) V3 Ksolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" ]- B! b# d' I/ b; @and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 y( Y- a6 S$ c' n
was age appropriate.
1 e- T% Y! `: i; ~) PThe family history was remarkable for the father,1 f5 V/ Z2 i. ~/ k2 a/ v, y  p
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
7 V2 N  l& j+ \1 R% jwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; V& k) e: M5 T- N1 h) _+ y1 C: W
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  V1 j9 l) L5 ~9 |& x, ?' ?
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' k' ^& v7 |8 c, b6 BThe father denied taking any other medication. The
) x+ }& g. w0 \& a6 O8 mchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
7 h. `! X2 q+ Fwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
1 t4 |: U1 l2 ^4 i5 B5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-  _1 }0 s' h7 ^, I; e4 N
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-$ u- l3 [& P0 \9 L" K" p
tives. There were no siblings.
4 x! t* v" v3 l, s- }1 |6 c- z+ nPhysical Examination, q4 R- ~  Q" R# A
The physical examination revealed a very active,+ ]2 \6 W% A: Z0 Q' {, }
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 c  ?/ c/ S1 Q4 m6 b' k  Ja blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was* L$ N! T: i& R0 E# H' f
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
- H( u0 n+ t) X! _; `0 i(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' [  ~( y/ T, Q! U2 ]) T" ~velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
+ L3 _3 w' N) b% h1 {the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
! o' T' R: @" k3 \8 c( G  xThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for$ o4 U- M' a! Y6 `; c( r  B) |
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& K# S+ q& R$ Y8 }8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
4 n7 c# d; o* ]) K0 ~4 Z2 w+ Gdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around  f) p8 R7 }" r+ [: W
540
# t; n5 {( y, k! I7 oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) g' A2 \: v$ S) v4 k% Mthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 w9 M4 t4 V# @* l7 w4 L9 O( Q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.* C  f' Y0 r5 s# c+ p& U8 A% e; {5 ~
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* d+ h, R' f- zoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
% Z, ]. b3 |& d+ a. ~abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 j( P/ Y$ y, S! G" S
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* P8 _4 I6 q: b) K3 E# ?4 ^3 k5 `bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion( o. y. n6 w! G) \) K  k
of papilledema." n3 ]$ V; N8 ?5 ]* D, P& l5 Z
Laboratory Evaluation- l7 r- \0 `' H( p: C5 W# Y6 L+ n
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
8 p) L& ^: v" _4 i; ]! Qusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
8 A- p$ G9 _& a5 w$ T; {logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ d1 C) M9 \% H: X0 U. G+ Ikaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ b1 ]8 ?$ v' b- d, ]
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
7 }$ h+ ^  O" ~+ ~* Zlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 x% z7 y0 |0 f/ Z) K: t5 F# N1 D
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 ]8 u4 a# l" |/ q8 W6 F9 c
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were9 M3 R& d9 l' v) U0 _6 H
within normal range for his age. The concentration
- ^& u8 Z; O4 d+ A- l1 K8 [of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- s5 v2 e' ^; L3 y3 w" h, V. D+ ?(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, J& ]! Z9 ?/ F
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-+ ?7 D5 }5 i  |# P/ }
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
$ y/ Z& D. ]# _' Y7 {desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 f- I! Y( ]" N8 \# }, _. m8 y
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)0 n6 j% S8 N6 {4 r
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# ?; Z$ s- T0 J4 s* n* Otisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# h- P: G) V, a' g7 o. N1 Y3 n
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),$ P& q  n! x" Y2 J
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
. k6 Z( a  v: i8 s5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ e4 v. ?% Y, m; U. G- _) _; M0 G: V. m. sstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone# f. c3 }" j# w
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
3 O- _. }% I1 y8 A(prepubertal).
( f  V8 I9 S7 [: I' bThe parents were notified about the laboratory+ }% g2 Y' y: {  U! o  c( {, L3 Z
results and were informed that all of the tests were" q2 X& G8 [' i* g6 A2 k8 m& W
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
/ G% U0 M0 E' B) P( Yfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
) @2 x7 f) r  a% \2 s/ pobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) h3 x) [3 S1 |# Y8 W% `ever, the family did not return for 4 months.3 Q  l) W+ o, v; ~6 y# c0 R; J
Physical examination at this time revealed that the$ z  I# O% p- Q6 V9 c4 Z0 p, R5 N) T, p8 b
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
% s4 R+ g- O8 j, `2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
% ]: N, |" V- i7 R* V, ?) Q2 Wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* B) s! ?0 i/ p$ z9 Y# o! {
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at9 A* j" {; v6 d( _# _
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
1 |5 [0 ~9 ^7 P% omL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
: J: R0 E5 K9 R& q4 o1 iThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 \( x+ o1 e5 f: L; I
ing frequent erections.
/ v$ E. e8 ^* V4 i6 w/ I% uBoth parents were again questioned about use of4 |8 ]9 G  ]2 J5 K( ]
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- s. ?  j0 q! D/ p% e/ _' J
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the0 R( y7 x- E$ c2 K0 j3 M
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
5 E+ B& E% h% Q& a% e5 c& Guse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-) W! z  ]2 `$ q2 @  N: J( l5 W2 i
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for+ C6 m1 s" N3 j, [5 U1 V
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 }  G5 e; c. O8 E, F. |" Eto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ r& K3 c# g2 V( F% b( s
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido8 E8 Z7 C6 z) V3 y. i
secondary to depression.# O! f( D& m; X' P+ [
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
. e( j$ Z% Q2 y$ JThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
4 g1 i8 O0 I' T/ B! Dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-) ^. q; a& }" F8 `6 ^
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 O4 P  N  V7 n' I3 n! W0 {/ T% i; I2 FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
" T, Z' s/ r$ E5 {/ n0 Y+ `7 Lwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby& g+ K/ T; r$ k
was high, he then read the product information
( T9 k' Y( n7 g: G; vpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
6 f5 y* I7 T% Qson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' F- N8 `/ M$ W  ^. L& k5 x! Qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
1 b( K* a5 C$ s3 k3 x# \% B0 t: t6 \( Ufather was not hugging him with bare skin and had& J" l; O8 p4 @1 u" P' {
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone& _" |6 z: P9 ?+ @
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the4 _9 m3 e2 J9 k7 J: U2 D) v
laboratory to obtain the test.
! |" J1 Y" b: K! ]' w* xDiscussion! R% [5 l: A, \% i0 I9 ~
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary  L; l6 E1 Y! F. k3 k1 f8 t
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
8 H' O, H1 {% a" i" mPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when2 q8 ?! M. n) @, O' M
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
3 }: m# P& p! ]; \thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
- L0 o: M3 q$ \. w8 X) cmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 }' b5 |0 Q- G! B6 g7 zmay have a central nervous system lesion that is' X2 M) z- Q$ e7 t4 D
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ G7 R, c) v; Qamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 g; [& `# D8 T; |2 R0 r( a
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in) q$ `+ e9 @* s' `2 g5 d/ ^2 {
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
, e8 B( |0 r: [* R2 Mization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
: t- k2 v* x$ qrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by( v! B: k# |, B2 W
gonadotropins.1,3
* J* u9 k' d0 F" R* G! Y& jGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* t6 g1 b9 B& a- \  x
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate2 o3 m6 ]* m$ b& J1 \$ B
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or: A( I9 J! G( g9 X
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-5 x% w* h4 {. a5 Y5 m
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing( u  o$ \% H3 t- B
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
( `0 Y, t# l% a+ {& Radrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
9 _" B# _3 Q5 g1 Z* Dpuberty in boys.3,4: O& s! Q' A; }7 N
The most common form of congenital adrenal8 h( r; v4 o2 r% l+ L
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
/ w! n  p- `) O6 FThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 }5 \. Q$ W8 Hexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 A8 U- z' S. {$ H2 [0 san adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
+ T7 R3 n9 z. n8 [& @- \excess.1,3
2 A8 d2 b2 C! P0 r9 R; c+ Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 @0 Q* W. k# |5 k# E6 Z: M542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' E1 B5 R1 U: m  KA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-( I' Y5 o2 ]2 I6 X( z' y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known; o  i0 M* S5 e3 x  F
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a: f6 a5 g' t! f) W$ c) [. b
very young age. The physical findings in these boys! X. p5 H3 W0 J4 E8 {% N0 Z. ]
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
3 C+ b* I% e+ s+ F: Gincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys$ N3 V" N" Q6 x: N  G$ g
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
( I* e7 X+ p4 l% m* M4 _) ~are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! `) {: Y# X$ ?4 K
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
3 I: C: u7 V* L+ wreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked, u3 A  C0 i; v% {
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, A% _* t7 v6 F/ d# M6 zmales; therefore, other male members of the family" H8 a3 U1 I1 }. c, K9 C
may have similar precocious puberty.3
* ], }+ t" [8 H& M) jIn our patient, physical examination was incon-" Q4 }- k5 I5 T' I( R' h
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
  O; [, S* e8 z3 S! tcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ n# [, O% k# x
was in the differential diagnosis because his father  v/ t8 S) _2 m% L+ d
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* D3 w( e3 G. \" X8 ~/ atesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
  c# p' `# ]4 f( X5 c+ |/ F0 j0 Sbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* s2 n/ D7 w) j  s6 o+ }  zative initial history of androgen exposure, our
& n  f( }5 N# c0 W+ ebiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,' b8 h) f5 e6 Z# w) w7 p4 N& @
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
; V! U2 g" I5 A8 z' Wdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. L2 p* f5 g5 M6 v: Z( W
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- J5 {0 o* G5 e% KThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly8 S+ o! G- v4 @
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 T' G% n; f. D7 {# h1 Q& u, w
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-5 b; ^, f8 `. [; y1 m& {
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& _% _8 `. f2 M5 k
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-& ?1 x, ~; r) Y/ y/ `
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
) k, V7 e3 U; a/ h' x# w3 Y' U! |using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# g* b2 r7 V* \" Y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
. K  u3 u2 f5 ?- I. Acream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to0 O9 \# k& t2 r1 Y. u1 |
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: j/ |- k0 C& `3 M. k' oSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. c# F4 ]9 @) n/ ^) K6 ~% Q
baseline value in those females who were exposed to& d5 }* W2 z! R, ]" e1 l
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
  W9 R' @7 R4 I1 Dpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
8 H8 z1 N  i% J5 |tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented." o, t' E* w, s4 i; {2 ^$ z0 h
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,6 `  S% _! S" B3 T4 F$ E$ N1 I9 f
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! A& @& C# z2 G7 q1 |5 }, Jdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' L" @1 U1 F1 H7 L8 ^9 e( F  sterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
; }0 [! g/ d3 h% c- w& j3 i! Oactive in young children exposed to testosterone6 g: s2 Q: i, t4 X5 N
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-" i, e3 [/ I7 B0 a; P
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ B8 m# G0 A: s* q% d, B+ k
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ a5 r' G! J6 S7 h  m% I6 K8 q# dchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
+ J' a: q; `0 Gadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.: G4 A3 x! q) P) z  e/ w5 j# Z+ x1 ?
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during( [- ], F. F6 W$ W
early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 J7 S% e, g- V% Radult height are not fully known and always remain1 R# I4 T- A7 w. o" c
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  N: n7 _& F! a  U( H
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
" n0 F1 T1 ?1 a. j$ x9 ?$ ~1 |, Hacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
' Y$ p' C. o9 `, V+ M% I$ N( j/ xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation9 k) T, K% {' e( K  {
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9/ a  `6 W( `+ T% ?$ @9 T! ^' G8 `3 _
There are conflicting reports and controversy
$ R9 b8 o# @) U/ f, Z8 U, C4 Fover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult& o$ `/ \7 A. u0 @& p
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
7 j  i0 L& y' h; _' X5 xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. \, s  s( d) d( a7 Q
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,8 Q, e% E/ C! w. \) K; t- q: W
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. s; w4 t( }$ c$ a9 ^6 J( g1 Wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
+ s$ W7 B% w4 p, zpenile length in clinical studies.9 E; X# t0 W! S( E( I, [! W$ T
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is$ U- h0 I/ M$ ]; n) O# L
going to experience any of the untoward effects from; P, ^* F* Q' q6 C1 ^
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! v* u" H' ~% U% x, v* t+ R
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
9 W9 i4 t+ {' S0 F- f; |Although the bone age was advanced at the time of7 P1 `# x9 l3 e/ ~3 f
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
  A9 i/ _; w1 q* k: cthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult4 ^; @, q5 G6 b7 p
height will not be affected.
1 _) I/ [& M- p* N/ f/ [Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-$ L, u5 y* \2 ~) ~, B3 H
ability of androgen products in our society may
% `3 S  b! ?  J& O5 Aindeed cause more virilization in male or female0 J( Z7 @: Z. Z& [: }9 j6 C6 j9 |
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) o( a' R& L- u8 }. T6 i$ hgen products must be considered and specific ques-0 D$ K1 ^% a7 |
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or. Z1 b/ x4 F& R% G- O, X3 }, n5 T  J
gel should be asked of the family members during& y3 i: t& e6 m9 S+ \/ W: C' L
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
& S- G8 w$ X( N/ Y& v' ~ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
+ r  v* v# |+ `2 x4 k+ Znosis can be established by just a few tests and by
8 [2 K- }2 {+ U3 q# ^' {$ Q2 l! Rappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! [' W8 X  U! ~) a0 @8 Shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
( Q- @7 j# O% D1 }& h, t2 Xresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. Y8 f/ Q/ U5 q. a1 J! X
investigation. The primary care physician should be
% G8 M+ W8 Q; f+ d9 _6 Y) y$ oaware of this fact, because most of these children9 d) ^2 e- o& z' [
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) l, C: B' Q& m0 j" p- UDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
( \9 B/ j( U# F; F' R' U$ @warning about the virilizing effect on a male or8 \3 D' R7 L! R6 I- i" B  {
female child who might come in contact with some-. t, y- S) J" Z( {" h
one using any of these products.
/ _& Z, }3 n- U+ j( u. ZReferences
/ _+ w  @5 Y3 z1 g1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation) I+ B2 a, i5 b1 ^# p. g
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) ?- _" n+ a' S/ O* l6 |9 [* A
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 M8 |6 m; l9 G# {- m9 R2002: 565-628.& l8 [: Z, O& V1 k# i# W. s
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
  s  H# Y5 [" Y, D" y4 \8 tpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal' x9 w0 `6 m3 R
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 y/ K/ Y; ~/ FTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 543/ r, K  p2 u: \* H
areas: organic central precocious puberty. Acta Paediatr.
% f' l) z) y& G: f2 i8 Y2001;90:751-756.
# h; I/ ?$ J# \1 O: s: C3. Lee PA. Puberty and its disorders. In: Lifshitz F, ed.  u! F0 F" v5 I/ w; h, W8 ?
Pediatric Endocrinology. 4th ed. New York, NY: Marcel  e& R' f/ S( k8 T2 [6 V
Dekker Inc; 2003:211-238.5 D  g, h7 B% j9 u' A
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發表於 2025-1-5 09:19:02 | 顯示全部樓層
看起来不错啊,继续欣赏看看
發表於 2025-1-29 20:38:58 | 顯示全部樓層
感谢楼主无私分享
發表於 2025-1-29 21:12:48 | 顯示全部樓層
喜闻乐见  看看看看看
發表於 2025-1-29 22:19:07 | 顯示全部樓層
跟真的人真的好像
3 h! T' M1 T" [4 i' m3 W: {) }
發表於 2025-3-5 16:58:25 | 顯示全部樓層
seems interesting ...thanks for sharing
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