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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
( H6 n- t  t, E; T, w6 XBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
+ \2 j/ Y9 x, z: G& _- YExposure to Testosterone, _( m5 i, o5 T/ Z8 @
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,22 e" ~  K* ]9 Q" q3 j" x. H" O1 V
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 ~7 W) {. m% q+ R4 }$ R/ cClinical Pediatrics
4 T$ s" [9 z" q# ?8 D$ [Volume 46 Number 69 {" ?$ S0 P3 V
July 2007 540-543
# B. |9 z/ p) M" }1 _3 C7 C# M© 2007 Sage Publications# e# W) Y8 F9 ~+ ^" y/ Q
10.1177/00099228062966514 x! \% \  T  G! ?
http://clp.sagepub.com
5 F: p. q5 C. Z* ehosted at
; d% y: V: L8 Whttp://online.sagepub.com3 o9 ~3 t1 T; E/ Y, S
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
& m! B2 K. o) `8 Ois a significant concern for physicians. Central
7 |& H! a  P* m2 ?! ]. r3 [7 p% ]precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated5 V; c# m+ y" U
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ o% {! e# H2 O9 T7 r4 z, x' e
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! `/ B* W1 B* C& J# G2 C) S0 K$ I
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested0 l2 \3 c9 Z* L* h- r$ k3 b9 d- x
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic- A& A  _  \2 H% \0 ^+ O! P! K! J( a3 @
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
# {9 k# u0 F1 ?3 s5 X$ g/ kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& Q3 W. R- Z8 t6 }+ a/ Preport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the# C2 ~* i" H6 w7 T! ?8 ^7 i! U: g
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  W. Y1 l9 n  n! ?+ \' h
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due% o9 k+ ~' r& I/ v- h
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
% _5 e) A( c" ^- J' d& Cthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 y9 S5 L* O( Amation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
9 u  h1 F  o( U7 hchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
6 i" Q2 N' d. z. atestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-/ s. W8 x7 W' M8 v8 T
bly more common than the rare case report in the
6 Y% B. [; C0 G. V7 cliterature.4$ E# N- @% X  h# T$ v
Patient Report5 Y5 p3 c) r$ _  I3 x
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
9 i; D2 C) D, `4 k9 j+ z8 ]endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 M: E: p3 h: T2 ^$ Z( L1 @& J  K2 vof early sexual development. His mother noticed
% _3 I0 m" Z' |! S& Z0 Slight colored pubic hair development when he was
# Q! Y( S% M, D/ nFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of6 l/ ~; N2 _3 e+ p! d
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.9 y9 u( Z& a$ z# v$ E& c
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  R& _) F( k. M7 E$ J; I" @# i8 fProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) v% }! \. `# j
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;! x- X8 y' l3 [* @( p1 T
e-mail: [email protected].+ j! g/ Y' E, E* E8 {5 D' H' d
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
$ O- ?. u4 J9 o: k8 ?) xdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 {+ J, a; h- s5 ?ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child) e2 N: q* [9 }; ?/ f; n; d1 z; {
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
, P. ~7 G5 @1 K5 i' O  Q9 fa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of' _* O  ~( G9 T0 m- i, @+ g
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
1 n. F- i  N/ qof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
" m- \6 O5 J, f7 |- R0 J/ csolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
( m; L! ^9 X6 H  Cand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
9 j' H" U3 \1 ^6 y6 R$ s+ Xwas age appropriate.5 f# R# o: d. O0 B
The family history was remarkable for the father,4 b* `; E/ x6 s5 ^6 a  x3 x+ N
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,0 f4 h7 V$ K7 M' C' ?- O' T" _
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
1 C- \. d1 _+ [; d( B6 r0 pheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& f$ C* M! ?3 W. G- {2 S! T  M% b( n
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
" s  k* _, L! [) U) |( H9 O4 mThe father denied taking any other medication. The
6 Q0 o; z9 o$ z6 G! echild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" T# |3 I" O5 h4 U* fwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
9 k, _7 e+ p1 i. m6 Y; {5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-! r( N% K+ a5 C$ v) L0 l- C) x
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
1 u3 o$ S3 p& W' Gtives. There were no siblings.2 I/ n& g2 Q# v4 @9 b  Y
Physical Examination; d! [) T3 k6 O* D: b2 t# F* W
The physical examination revealed a very active,7 m2 _" F5 W  l- d& |) P9 @2 G
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
0 o8 [: `; D9 |0 w- c3 W3 Wa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was9 X# ^3 O: k( j
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg. [1 H  f$ k/ Z+ d  F( e+ r. I
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth! D2 ^% M6 y8 H) Q- P- f
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of  b* O& }0 x# t/ L, {4 J) z2 h
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
: O' R" n; B2 X, }The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% {0 w* c3 ^& o9 e+ `
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. e1 ~# o. ]6 N( ]. F8 o( v2 v
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 _9 c$ {' {; p3 U8 J/ `
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around. r' V8 H% H2 I
540
3 [, G+ G# u8 P9 K6 P, }- E: ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! m& w, _/ Y. H1 H5 Othe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
8 R& C/ F0 L3 o5 ~testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 J: d  ?8 u0 W8 E" R1 XThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat( G/ w' B: i1 ~9 \! C/ w- u
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no1 }! U& ~. r* Q4 z/ g( P( c7 X
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
6 z  X  g& r+ m) V0 P1 PNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
% ^# U. K2 Q, Gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 f1 q) o5 U+ Y5 j, ^
of papilledema.
7 `( D+ o- U7 q4 S& ^Laboratory Evaluation: c/ D, K: G5 p" T
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by! Y: B7 ~8 n# e: w
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' h' C8 b$ }) T: t! Y1 ^logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal; d; C* P, w# t, M+ t6 U: |
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
- c; Q: s( |9 r0 Lshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-* U) I& J2 i% u
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
( Y" b8 X) N7 m' O8 \) ~The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
4 ]+ w3 e' ~$ h& o; ~% b! ^" X: p& Purea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were( {  C( X! l! S' {4 I" Z
within normal range for his age. The concentration- F( l) O$ P/ B" i( s. Q
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) ^( o% f+ G. Z1 N* j(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
& }& g# p8 n9 Dng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
2 A/ n- d5 H9 _! w- \$ X+ eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& I# b% E6 s9 \" ~& X" r( Zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to/ E/ q! f* S5 W/ M: @6 t' j
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)' f$ T, a3 f9 B  I; G
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
- y( v5 C' R% ktisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total) p. ]- ?2 d, ]9 J6 w3 m
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- o1 L# e, y, u6 q* k" N. s6 Land β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 Z& U2 `/ A: C5 c5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
) `- s# X* k" C3 |+ Istimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. X$ k( Y& V1 n7 f# u1 A5 Zconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! F6 G: y; l6 n+ x
(prepubertal).; v0 |; [7 W% k/ v0 W0 U+ k
The parents were notified about the laboratory! i; Z: Z  @! R3 f* E' g: R
results and were informed that all of the tests were1 V6 ?( @( m; q  d
normal except the testosterone level was high. The+ t9 {" `) W: ~: l, K
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to5 I$ M  h9 R) r8 p" _7 \2 D. P
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! ?2 K7 O; F6 K9 y
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.: Z9 }5 r' z% G
Physical examination at this time revealed that the* [2 W' p5 {" J. w5 q" s
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained1 `7 F9 I4 T# |; e8 S" y
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained1 v7 s3 G0 i( P2 S
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
0 y! }% H$ j6 m* q3 ]1 f0 @pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at4 }# ^$ P+ B7 I  y& `0 K
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
. |+ j6 f/ v3 k2 G- ~. XmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.! X* ?$ B% M  G! I' d# b5 N; H& `7 i
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 Z% p' t, M2 F$ Uing frequent erections.6 M8 q3 ~+ @5 Z! O
Both parents were again questioned about use of- i' L  h  O7 H6 b2 M* \/ z& M
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
) [( r9 X$ F& O$ A" o* D. _the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
6 m, z3 J. P2 Q4 S- {Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
, ^8 M! W) c8 ~! q/ Euse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
) W9 A7 g7 ?: J* P9 ~6 uing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for1 ^2 U8 M, i8 C2 ^
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed! S3 ~- u, E' u( X
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-2 v* O8 H0 T, z4 f; L' q' s/ q
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido: _( e! I6 U$ q- w6 U/ a5 `$ }
secondary to depression.4 g+ H! R  ^/ \
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
4 ~( D$ W) b3 m6 A: f$ N! b) n4 V* sThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- q8 O% i. G; r! _) \$ R- `( _chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
* ^3 [" M! y+ p8 f4 [+ pnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, Q1 y. o+ W# p3 E& UThe father also admitted that after the phone call,( f  B' e; F8 B: ]9 @. F
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
9 K9 u7 V  s. D$ t1 v+ h; F/ E" ~was high, he then read the product information+ E; X: y' v3 Q! B5 A
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 C' s& T$ L) [% B# Pson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, G2 |* _8 T/ z3 Z" Cdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the! c: ^/ d4 P8 _& Y% T* z7 c" S' q
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 H6 @* k* k9 g/ ?9 hbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone: ^/ L5 z/ B  |8 ^) W$ Q7 D* t& R
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the/ x" @0 S- U* g6 d
laboratory to obtain the test.
, ]$ i1 |9 P( H! Q, }Discussion
" q  t6 C' A0 S# RPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) r% r& d/ o4 \, }( C7 `sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
6 v" [# v2 j$ GPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% K4 ?  _: d3 b+ G1 U0 p& ]it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-% f$ ^* n; Y) s- [& s5 ?
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' y2 f8 r9 ?4 D. |: p9 g
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) O$ L: f8 e& F# B8 ~) ^' `may have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 V- e# x6 O7 P. x8 Fresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-0 Q3 O, L; ~6 q) E
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-6 d* N  N; p/ Q& r6 M/ r" M
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* B4 B2 ?7 |0 B0 X' b2 m' m* G4 \boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
# Q' c  v2 b8 R( q2 }2 Z  Fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
$ U4 h: m: i, O! V; y- @( e) x3 nrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 F/ X; ?) A, s8 {) M3 d/ zgonadotropins.1,3; J# W4 }' r9 Y! h- F1 u& t
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: Z' q5 m: T5 s5 R+ Y0 y$ j
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. Z6 i, T; F0 A2 i* bandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or: N8 M& b" X/ x
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 J# Y1 n+ j8 v+ ~ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 `  \& o( X  s% r( _$ W% ycongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 R% J: t8 G1 G0 k
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 e% P3 a# e7 I/ T8 d) Zpuberty in boys.3,4
8 f8 c8 s' X1 @$ J) S4 }The most common form of congenital adrenal' d# j, S- F0 v+ v
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 ~( }1 G! V8 L9 C4 H$ ^* a6 @5 b
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
9 a" w6 X( _; E+ Z5 eexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
5 F. k6 T) d* Z& q% _' nan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
  Y/ {* M, q& |2 D9 o" Q) H5 zexcess.1,3
* p% s7 z) q' Wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 K: @9 X- M' |! E
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
6 \: w/ n6 ?2 o7 w8 wA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-3 V) I% V* ?- o$ T! l3 L
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
6 o- s+ t4 ^8 a7 v' I2 r7 O) |3 ~0 oas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a% `- {! C0 b$ H+ o8 O, i
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
  @: e7 o0 }  c* {5 [with this disorder are full pubertal development,
" p7 N, S5 y% U0 I6 S; _7 o4 Bincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
7 m! c9 {: O0 n# t, lwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder5 }4 n' f' G. D! d0 `0 J+ g
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ F3 L; v1 `' K  J$ ppubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-8 C- k0 t4 z! F' @# f* b
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: e* V6 v6 H2 qautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
! e# |! [" n' `! E$ M& s/ Mmales; therefore, other male members of the family
+ R9 A9 P3 i# ~/ S' [may have similar precocious puberty.3( F6 Y9 `0 m0 r; A7 `
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 e# f0 X$ S. c* ^sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
- P3 T5 b: u# }8 C! `cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ U( P, I, N/ q7 B
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 K& [+ Y; P( ~+ t8 nstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
2 d8 J$ A) {1 s% I5 N5 htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
/ W0 [- D$ X/ W  U# [) hbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-+ B* m, \+ ~7 }# n  z: B* B
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
) K/ i5 R# ]8 A, Fbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" Z8 u/ `' a& j: Q6 K! _either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ ^. C5 r+ J  C+ P6 p) h) c8 y# C
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, `7 U5 c3 P* l/ k
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.$ {# y, Z0 v" i& }9 F7 n2 Q
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly3 N: S4 P( d/ n  r2 p! ]
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because6 {# Y) w. B3 W
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* E$ W. i; S9 U  ^9 cpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 ?7 F4 |* l9 J, P, q
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
0 n# r4 K% Z" ^# v. Qterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was3 m8 {+ e/ k4 o& G
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
- a) T8 s$ r. m% r4 Z+ }/ J9 V6 |Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' y: r8 m9 Y, Q- z3 J; F  s+ ucream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to9 w% y2 q! L$ s$ K; W; @( d* C6 M5 p9 g
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
9 W" v% ]5 ~9 z' R. PSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
* I1 k$ @5 ~$ t- Z! lbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
7 [  b% F1 |# zeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' [1 H0 ^! j8 ^0 @
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
- B3 X- k9 v, T$ r' Rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.  ~: q: h) j; J" P" x
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
' n+ }3 t5 N; l# P4 Z; swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that5 p% z3 M& ]& D0 m- L6 c: P
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-" g& s( B2 @. \5 i
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! o. Z0 n3 e0 L4 p& A
active in young children exposed to testosterone
( n2 j* f. V, n, u) uexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
% [$ x8 K# `: L/ z: i# y5 jdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
; U9 _, C3 A$ ~  bvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" r+ J, }9 M: f; N' d/ ]
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 c5 [' O  x5 F* ^4 {4 h4 s- Jadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
$ p% g2 y' b% p3 Y5 z$ hThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during) E6 [4 n8 n9 L  [- E7 h
early childhood on pubertal development and final) t0 \: Y$ t2 k
adult height are not fully known and always remain
/ G% R2 x/ s+ g" J7 ~- Ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
3 |9 G+ L# b& Lterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some' v7 Z3 q( ~+ K* T9 w& _
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after* f9 I. y; ^  @2 i4 L3 m! j' ~
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation9 E( k0 U6 h: k) ?+ {
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
0 h& n; X0 ~6 `( X! e# ZThere are conflicting reports and controversy# [' [" z5 B% V9 Z
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
: `- E3 ~+ h: A+ b; F9 _/ Y, Z& w  Y8 fpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
9 W" ?7 s) h4 Z, x& oadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  N- X0 g5 G$ h+ c( f: z
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
6 Y3 J7 i' @- ?: {5 i: c. \" |Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. T& Y" C7 w' b, u0 e. achildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult6 u+ D5 \' _6 o
penile length in clinical studies.; T5 c  I/ h5 r3 P. y* x7 g( ~
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
% Z& c3 n9 I- _* ]4 U* s  G5 egoing to experience any of the untoward effects from6 \3 _& I# \% _  T" c# X  i7 Z
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
: Y. u* H/ J1 F9 a; r2 u( Xthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) r1 N0 @; V. N( {Although the bone age was advanced at the time of  J! E) H1 s4 B$ A
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 s8 d' A  ^8 V# M  Dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 D2 M, T% ?5 e% yheight will not be affected.
, M! k* B' m, ]. f& `, r; r% W/ T& EAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) K8 ^( c- Z- \2 a6 H9 w$ gability of androgen products in our society may! o5 F  z* T' p; p1 A' x0 O
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
3 _1 }3 x, y* o  c" m5 X6 B8 t4 ^8 ?children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 g, P& _5 a( E) W8 A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 R, b: l1 K; x' h5 F: f5 btioning about the use of a testosterone product or% A; j& o0 ]2 `8 v; d# y
gel should be asked of the family members during
1 D  N! P) s; G+ Y3 athe evaluation of any children who present with vir-& A. `. `" E7 x3 F* H0 v# q1 m, [7 {
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
: ~3 h+ Z0 h; v/ T9 h7 bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ [% h+ K7 h3 ~; B2 R+ v5 Uappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ Q' e' w: }1 b4 r8 s% C# k
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 ~7 k$ B9 M! o1 c
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" W: U4 `' K+ W3 A+ W- G3 T
investigation. The primary care physician should be0 U% Z) ?' e7 A8 P. r$ H7 }
aware of this fact, because most of these children/ B1 J$ s$ [5 E
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
. R% `3 Y5 O9 R$ O- BDesk Reference and package insert should also put a' r8 c1 i3 X/ t* c1 B
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' J  O" \/ M* \5 C: ?8 p6 mfemale child who might come in contact with some-9 V0 \* S4 O8 e8 b/ b3 u
one using any of these products.0 e. T, h0 K' {. v& p8 h" k
References1 E! A8 l. h1 I
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation1 Z0 ]7 f: D% O) N6 y
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( j/ H6 k; z( z4 s2 [5 [5 {5 Q/ ZEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;! |& B' E8 J' d; I+ t. O2 U# _
2002: 565-628.
' s/ C/ J) o  b6 q2 N. w3 b2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 n8 X! [2 b# T" e; ^- F' L
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old) M6 v, S; @( F6 J0 g2 p/ v
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
) G  A, ~  Z! uExposure to Testosterone# N( J/ X, P; M3 ?9 B4 F  T: k, t
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2+ W: W2 {5 s& Z
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1! b# W) I1 ~/ r
Clinical Pediatrics9 I* k1 k  g6 r: h2 A
Volume 46 Number 6
# X2 f1 e  \. dJuly 2007 540-5434 @0 J- k  A$ w  _' m
© 2007 Sage Publications
# x6 ]4 O- p: {6 Q8 K  I10.1177/0009922806296651
: Z0 A' O5 g8 ]7 v, Ehttp://clp.sagepub.com
( ~! G+ x. W# shosted at) q& N7 m) ?5 j  {
http://online.sagepub.com3 z( z8 {+ H% R6 E$ {9 S6 u
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 m9 X  z" R. H1 N5 Zis a significant concern for physicians. Central
" w3 t* B/ h# Q( h3 e" hprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ }3 U, s9 a. F$ zthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has0 M- i, }% R8 o1 n4 o0 _. l
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 J( {' @- b! Y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested. S1 T% @5 v  ]7 I" E; A0 r& h
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 }7 i0 z7 b) `: {/ x. }  Ghair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# N- ^% r* l0 p! l) `' E: J2 P
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- s( T5 {( j  t, \report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the7 Z) h. z( [; i; |3 R, G
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
0 I5 D0 w7 E$ j& o0 ]) {! v( ]ment without testicular enlargement, which was due3 L6 j" a, A- q9 e' t* [4 O
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 |8 a1 K8 R2 kthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
8 _1 C6 G1 I8 `: q/ ^mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
; H4 S- z0 e$ W' _child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
+ l6 u5 w& T, O" l" S# a; c/ f0 Btestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' [/ n& `( h7 ?5 t1 A& V; Kbly more common than the rare case report in the
) f) ?# ~$ a: Dliterature.4
# u5 v4 z! o. Q: E2 ePatient Report( {/ _2 s+ B/ @0 _7 L
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the: s# W( z' r2 D. @% ?$ a9 {. g
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. u; G! J2 [  Pof early sexual development. His mother noticed
8 t" H( H* ]% P# N5 jlight colored pubic hair development when he was! L+ b% v5 b  W
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 [! s* ?" O0 c9 d" q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.) S( G% ?: \' X8 C6 @1 O0 Y2 P# a! A' Z% s
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
/ n- h, o1 C8 M# O8 c4 jProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ F0 n& o% l* ~  {
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 R. h7 {) \8 F7 `6 Be-mail: [email protected].9 ^6 N  ]0 F0 l$ Q4 E/ C8 g& p
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
9 e! o3 z/ J1 a5 [darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
& x) `4 l6 T9 |; zment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 ~/ F: ^- g6 B/ ^
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 x8 V' l  q! |/ q  J5 l2 ]
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of4 ]+ x& x( F- i
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* n$ T7 H, K/ P, y+ _of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. `/ N; v: [) b6 n" Rsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
  P' p$ f: J8 K, j& ~and his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 m# Z& J- y' I; O7 {/ ]
was age appropriate.
  m' M! A+ l) z" d# Y2 Y- qThe family history was remarkable for the father,
, o" n0 @, b! Mwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, ]6 g7 d  I+ F2 g" N; A* H
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! X% u: r3 y& w0 ^8 g/ g: _/ q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
1 x1 _$ D9 U" Q5 D5 \. Vearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
5 b! ~# M* e; x! a+ x/ E2 E4 R" mThe father denied taking any other medication. The
) t$ B, g- m) a/ E- Z9 fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
) I/ c: u1 q; uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 J/ X# G5 S8 R* C5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
) B: n) u7 Z7 x$ ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 f* @9 ^/ H7 O) {tives. There were no siblings.9 ^0 F- L8 S1 W* B/ q, [" Y# f9 R
Physical Examination
' L* t" D8 f$ I0 u2 g. V: {% rThe physical examination revealed a very active,  `/ ?% D4 k1 P
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented6 V8 P+ {$ K" X
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
* d9 P3 m3 g% ^* R1 r9 D" }90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg+ \' x% Q  B$ g. Q# O! `6 o
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 d) L) k9 |7 w& O8 s9 ~
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of5 v# x- p/ Q1 t* m2 Q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.( i: H. C# y, g1 A8 o& O
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for- E$ Z9 K* e9 N- i3 H9 i, F
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 g" c% X' C2 a, I0 ~
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well  D7 o8 X8 q: @8 |2 g: K
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around! v: |% ?  y* J' R
540! Q# b9 d$ p9 k! F) H* S
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. E. \' i* A1 i- H
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
  q2 g  [8 I' k' p0 Y7 @! ftesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 q3 n0 n6 B  @" P/ z7 L9 UThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 [9 Y3 x9 x( n0 x
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" y. v4 S) z6 d& C7 labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
2 R) N  L! B( F% H: \0 @8 SNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, e% B. F" u1 n8 _' Gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion. |8 |: Y/ t2 Z" R1 R' R; H: c# C
of papilledema.9 ~0 x2 i% Y3 v" M
Laboratory Evaluation" J/ C( Y( M7 U/ P+ y2 }
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by$ t7 S# n) ~) U
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% E# i9 G! T1 G, _% w. ]
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 n! i* Y# ^; M8 P; @1 U( B
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
. c# H6 s/ ^6 N4 @: W2 t8 V( s* eshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ U! E5 {8 w( i+ K9 g' k2 N
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
; r* q+ ~" A( M1 J8 L- F/ i& oThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood+ o. j4 Q' n# R( ?5 f
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" J5 Q, q, Q+ w5 V7 n! b, V: _within normal range for his age. The concentration
6 y6 x4 \8 J* K0 N* r( [4 ?of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL4 q8 z  C7 l5 S! f# Y0 R2 r1 @6 j7 j
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 c6 c  r# C# k% Y; l$ c  Yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' `) S4 r( `- z  P
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ u( C% A1 |' O' N, Z- y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
+ e/ w, }* ]1 ?9 W+ X/ o49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): R, ]5 e5 _' X/ ~1 D: P
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! G2 }* z5 A2 O% i$ E' v- R1 K$ N* |
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total+ r! T( `/ G9 m/ o
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
' w" ~9 E* e7 e  C5 G/ eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' V" J8 w' Q, k+ v. K9 @- Z; Y6 x
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
5 K. Q. _: y. {1 t: kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
: O  J6 I" F) {( z! u1 econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% S  w% B, P0 x8 M# _: m( e
(prepubertal).
% h6 j" R5 h1 ^2 M1 d' C2 fThe parents were notified about the laboratory$ a3 Y& {% Q5 Z) r0 B# N* r1 {5 G* _
results and were informed that all of the tests were
; P- ?, a8 W+ Y- w6 cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The7 y! @' [: x7 v0 v9 V1 X: e$ u
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' x  L1 [1 G/ A( v* A' Lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, t/ ]' h- b$ i& l& m- Zever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) B( m* I! b% G; {* l- _- J/ q8 OPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
; R7 V4 a7 \3 Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 M" z) L5 q) Z  ]' N2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
: k% d1 s* l* ~unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' U3 l1 i. H5 t2 \6 j6 h/ B6 G8 B3 gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
& A6 t) ~9 k( A$ ?; P$ Othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2& Q; {- G) O6 v. G" k8 ^: Z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
$ a/ J8 }. J& e2 w2 S9 Y8 F# d( GThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- D+ d9 w$ Z8 R1 M/ [9 N9 g, _
ing frequent erections.
. k5 S4 T) }( a# H( }3 F1 X8 O" uBoth parents were again questioned about use of
, Y& {( a$ ]0 l) @+ Aany ointment/creams that they may have applied to  a) I6 D  m5 |/ y, h& C
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) p7 K1 c; T/ p; w6 R2 \: m; l
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
5 W/ W- H1 G6 ^0 r2 x7 K. w, uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
" q: g* B# ?2 [+ r* y' Q/ Uing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! k9 k; `4 O  M! i' T
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
, {, R0 }7 T: Pto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
# B! }3 R4 B# E/ M" C* [- B% H  g- N6 ascribed by his family physician for decreased libido: Z6 K$ N" s8 }
secondary to depression.
9 g# U, w6 t/ \, EThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 p# B" X1 M4 g( J0 ^: B: p5 OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
: d' Y8 G7 C3 p% H& Zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
+ _9 B5 B) X! y0 h9 `# `  H. t1 xnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
( N) n  P7 s4 l8 }! Z4 B" eThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ Z) _/ u  U) j8 ]$ E, W; n4 Hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
  F" @  f2 q4 ?' r9 ewas high, he then read the product information9 |  Z. R$ A/ I5 A" j- V8 V/ j
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; p* \. Q5 u, W1 j( l( |! w+ dson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 H* r  b- T5 K' v9 A, t# F& C1 [decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the" y5 q: E; o9 k1 ^, F$ m+ \" a
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 M% v5 v  t" |% o: n. Fbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone% L0 L2 T% r6 d5 L8 X
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; N0 @' w. A9 g* N  J
laboratory to obtain the test.+ g: Z0 b1 Z4 I) e2 S; ~9 i3 Q: N
Discussion* J8 i6 J) X* P9 n. ?; w; m# r
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* e7 I" b9 p6 }/ bsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* D4 F+ h) v0 ]) uPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
  F- v- F) F; Y3 Qit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 r, d- _* c7 e
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-4 m3 S" H% Q4 f* o. G0 R9 r% C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 Q- l' @5 o% dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is8 R. D: y8 @2 j5 s1 x
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 `0 F3 J$ ]# N! Y% i- Hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-1 }& @$ {6 I; _0 m
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" m5 n( s( g- F9 z" _" o4 i& [boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-9 h0 n8 ?# \( [) ?4 B1 x8 P- J
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-  G9 M$ [, P7 q9 [) Y8 A
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% y% Q' I: E1 U) @1 ]. \
gonadotropins.1,3& n4 a5 I( l/ T! `% O
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' l3 s% j9 \" A2 }8 Hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ G+ A% {" l: X
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
7 c  k+ k0 ?- j8 d4 Zexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 B" s, ~. [9 g: A
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing, H5 e* m0 @* X- d
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
  p. k3 \+ H. e) X, H) {) }- }, Iadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( \- S  ]% D! I, B/ g# @8 x9 Mpuberty in boys.3,47 g6 W' \( c: P5 U" u" F. ]
The most common form of congenital adrenal2 G' h) a- g: R$ R% u+ [- @
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 |2 @# t1 N. @  p3 R2 r, q
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
! z2 B; O& K4 V' [8 ^* v1 Aexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( R( M4 |0 G1 Ran adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 e. g$ R5 T6 Z* L( p, D! ?# j! Lexcess.1,3
  K! J0 a! d5 M0 ~- X4 i' [3 Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! I- v, c+ E, s. Y542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 O0 r" I$ V: K/ U, i+ ?
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- j  ?9 C/ ]. l6 C" i  K
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 V3 D) h. Q8 E3 x) z+ K4 [as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a  y* j4 `0 G7 p4 `
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# B6 ^* ^5 n7 O8 v7 Owith this disorder are full pubertal development,* W' R, u# b- B) i& W, X( F3 \) d
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys% v. I3 r' E3 M. ?
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
1 K; B6 t# q; j$ M. m! E2 Iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show8 w0 A; k/ s3 X+ A4 y3 o
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- S0 O5 x" s$ @
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% W2 [0 o4 U5 Z) r8 c. P* r* C
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 \+ s' Z+ a8 \: n2 k  N
males; therefore, other male members of the family6 ^7 b4 ]6 t+ U: R- P1 g7 V3 X
may have similar precocious puberty.3; q3 A, R" }$ s7 U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-. A: [7 y% D9 [5 M- J# c. f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' @2 b. E: ^$ j1 K' Q) Vcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
  W+ z! D1 ~3 C  J) Q  Gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
- ~9 f# @3 K7 \7 rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
# Y' i1 K) b. t/ Q% Utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the- C0 w. a" N' w! m
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 z* m- n3 ], \8 n" I
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ ?' G# E; M8 l% X/ r
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
% Q8 K7 o7 C  q! i5 Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase: b/ H- U% s2 ~! U: @
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' v6 o( x- ?  ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.( L+ [/ f  \3 \1 ^& ]; T. ]8 S
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly, p2 }) J8 U' L7 D7 K
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because1 d% n9 i( q, }, p3 D+ {* j# d( J
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% l" C6 ]6 }  c: a; e% Q% p) Dpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
8 B/ m5 z! m2 F* F. Gdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
0 E4 g; L8 L( R7 E/ }+ P9 }" `) i1 mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
3 D/ G, |' H% I4 \1 ^using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 o9 }  T) m+ [  s3 K9 d' ]Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" ^2 T) z8 T9 U- Z0 d+ T+ N! P8 ?, e
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 b, Y" M  T( v- O( E
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.; o, V: j. G: w9 h& M6 z
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 ^& Y8 R& _4 [/ ?6 ]8 h
baseline value in those females who were exposed to) H5 D( j% o( g1 p5 L- |1 p
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male/ e& f+ c0 L* [9 \
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 T$ a: o- [( F2 s  u* [6 c
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ ?$ P8 g1 N9 x& cOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: h% J* ]. S% g4 F1 z- W3 e
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
  y, l5 x/ Q: C( b! t8 f: Z8 tdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
  F2 ~5 q) S2 I" l( Xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' e! q# i" Y* Q. n& {  A' a
active in young children exposed to testosterone
1 p2 ?( J, ?8 Q" ?6 k( e) R( pexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 k. a* ~/ i$ g
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to5 V$ I- d! ^/ Z6 J1 N' q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in7 G+ A6 M) ^2 {4 y1 g& `
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
  m& {+ u7 v+ M2 t- ^8 j+ {3 ^0 {advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ v7 \7 O5 x% }$ Q$ t; v+ TThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
6 u( j+ ~& B( g+ w. d3 ^early childhood on pubertal development and final
) O2 O- D" |+ K: a. Uadult height are not fully known and always remain* |; c9 U5 ?' J! m4 L1 b
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
6 S4 K+ c% E, w# nterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& f  P( W9 W# |
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after( F. Y9 X! f' ~% U! A
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# ]) g3 P' t0 A6 f- w3 O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,94 |" a0 C& ^2 Z2 E
There are conflicting reports and controversy8 F3 q7 L3 o  j  k. ]6 f3 [
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
9 O  T$ F' R. K9 f. Npenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 X# V% D% E7 t. H# p8 o
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-' S# C2 X' P% R/ Y7 k  l5 x
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,0 i0 \* Q2 o( y% r
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between! Q5 z9 Z: j0 i5 G! R- R
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult2 P+ v/ R9 K1 R6 V3 ^! l3 L
penile length in clinical studies.
. ]% f( }: R6 p6 w; s! a& d$ q8 KNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
4 M% y9 ^* m7 o  V5 q' Bgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from: w' e0 K& h! I( F/ A( ^
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* e5 V  o8 v4 @8 Y, W$ A) m
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 H, G0 ]) L7 W6 k( z$ uAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of0 u, p% g; A0 z2 M0 h
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& [  g* a/ k0 M
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult3 f* K5 M8 g1 w4 {/ F, L* y. F
height will not be affected.4 @: Y/ p% x1 A5 t, z
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ h* @$ d9 U; |! r9 x$ lability of androgen products in our society may; _* m# g+ e2 [
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 N5 h0 J- ?: g2 xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 \$ g$ W5 h5 Q/ W
gen products must be considered and specific ques-* R1 v$ d" L# S  C( L* n/ K* A: a
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 R5 ?; h( Y; `  R% i9 r
gel should be asked of the family members during
9 J4 m' l% ]7 I  _# S7 V$ nthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-" A; s! l+ U4 W9 I2 p
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 c3 O, j: S1 {5 H; q# L
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; L, b" c# n7 m! i7 c3 _appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 w2 `' j" W' M: X4 O6 Z6 }- @
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! {# p) d- d6 g
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
3 E: b5 \1 l0 linvestigation. The primary care physician should be1 J) D* ^8 ~" c2 r, K
aware of this fact, because most of these children+ C8 y! X  F: h
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’) R; X8 r  }3 X" J& _
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& d3 k. d. @4 ~/ l! r3 hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or; a) f- X" A& R5 n
female child who might come in contact with some-
8 K' I  @: Y! y4 w2 Q& e  ~one using any of these products.# a0 @) h5 {6 V% p/ Y, \8 e0 S, L$ |
References
0 H  `! K1 u8 Z  }; K3 g$ |1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
" F$ U/ a" @6 z7 F: o5 gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric" \8 W) ~+ n" |# }6 }: y2 }
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 P  X7 Z$ C( W2 {7 G2002: 565-628.
9 H$ L% h+ w5 t. B4 T7 U2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
# i6 \. B$ \6 P8 Cpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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