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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: K/ r7 `+ k% @) k& b bBoy Induced by Indirect Topical) A& V. a1 \/ C; y0 @% W1 b
Exposure to Testosterone2 d1 K2 n" v/ ^- d: U0 Q/ I
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
( C$ ]4 G* E1 k" [( q- b, Sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 P$ K; z% g$ Y# U1 B$ g- Y) [
Clinical Pediatrics6 E, U; P2 a: k/ w( ^
Volume 46 Number 65 b+ t( |2 b+ N U
July 2007 540-543! H; C) M, U" W- f1 L( Q& o: J. |% \
© 2007 Sage Publications
6 |% ^1 s& M6 b& h10.1177/0009922806296651
$ [& P/ y. K+ g9 Qhttp://clp.sagepub.com2 A2 ~8 ~5 K% ~" D
hosted at
1 C. j8 {3 K: Z6 ^8 l. ahttp://online.sagepub.com
0 d- E& ?/ ?; T5 V0 T4 S) vPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% D; H* n3 q' v0 eis a significant concern for physicians. Central: h# B; T- a+ ?6 M: f6 o& n
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
( S9 A! k, m* F4 u1 b- E. }through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! s" G; F6 P5 k
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system" [5 ]' O" }4 c1 `: M
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 l+ h6 f4 F1 \( y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic3 v" g2 D& ^$ Y9 _ _: |7 y! U
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* M: K }2 T: p! y: Y. |. A7 g7 R
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 v; ?# N% g% u1 o6 a
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
2 N/ D" \7 R. ?% V9 r& O, ]enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 w9 E7 k6 W- P
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due( p5 ?0 c8 C# f& Y/ i3 r2 \) t
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by2 h& m/ X4 U' T0 E7 Z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-( D; _4 ~6 h5 S+ |
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' h5 i/ g4 g$ `) j0 G
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
8 P2 l. o8 e& g+ s, h) i, Itestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 ]* x+ [$ C' b. @* Zbly more common than the rare case report in the
! L' L/ h4 _) l# n# N. mliterature.43 a2 L8 u, H; r4 _2 ?" ]
Patient Report ?+ G7 @, A& P. e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the" x6 Y/ T" R5 j7 J4 n
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern# Y% `1 B$ e& F+ \
of early sexual development. His mother noticed- k! R/ L2 I; t; l# b
light colored pubic hair development when he was
" w8 B& d) [3 |% G0 V# x+ PFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ q7 f% A, Z8 ?, A
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
b3 v7 R# i- i: V$ J9 f* nAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
; W1 A4 g9 C; X7 xProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 v( @, K* @' n/ _
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 I% B: v0 L- u$ L! Pe-mail: [email protected].
/ X; W8 Q- S2 O% nabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 t( G; I. H$ K7 Wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-* A7 J5 x0 Z+ ^6 |, |5 [
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child- h; p; T& c% d, j8 f3 ^- n
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 {# y8 @4 `) L/ P: Q r
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) N, d6 B0 }/ J6 B2 I
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 J" _$ f$ n# y7 Iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
0 M0 w9 G8 u: k, j8 m% Z$ Gsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
' A) I2 }2 K2 M# d4 I% H$ ?, Nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development% ]: P* Q1 }; v! N
was age appropriate.
0 R3 g; Q5 s% ^The family history was remarkable for the father,
8 ?3 V7 r" K4 |, w `1 Zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
9 z+ x( k, W8 H$ ?+ Y {0 \$ q4 n3 N/ |which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 b5 ]' i. {0 [ h, ^
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 L0 r$ R, S8 `0 W- `- y3 }+ ]. y
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
9 H. C1 d+ Y- L X5 }$ vThe father denied taking any other medication. The
0 g) D2 p3 a7 Q1 n6 ychild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ c3 C0 f/ L& Q' M& P
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
1 w$ Q/ j$ ^! I4 F' v1 m8 d1 a1 {/ Q5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ {" l- _1 }+ P% @! |
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ T5 K8 a+ O! B7 r- w- q1 \8 g$ |) ]tives. There were no siblings.
1 M$ ]8 u! X& Y, a: Q w- bPhysical Examination
4 l% ]% q1 E9 V8 f6 kThe physical examination revealed a very active,
5 z) Y' \2 w5 Q) Oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) x) `" v$ H3 v% v. N1 U. ]& Za blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was1 M$ Y9 W* }4 P: a0 X4 e; w
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" W: C$ j) _& y1 H8 ^- J" p(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
$ h; N3 C$ i8 s! dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' h; S, m' Y/ @& P2 qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.- Q1 G; b2 w; C- d: ~
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for7 J: ]/ G- b" I. G1 u$ k$ j
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 y3 f+ L$ J$ r* n- a% i8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well- }/ ]4 W, k3 B8 v5 L) N& b
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" }+ T% M# d/ i! [1 K" J540) `/ S8 |0 p; b0 R) W Q- E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( t5 I' e1 z# ~5 h7 h) m. }; b
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# t, z9 i5 {+ y. o
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." o- @/ y% c% i% r9 _1 R6 C
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
: y7 [, e+ I5 n2 Moily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
; b# d' G( s8 Jabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 o" o2 I2 { G4 u8 TNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* o: |8 N( k1 N% Vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion9 e. Z( W5 F. D! a
of papilledema.
6 J, g# ?1 o x2 ]4 @6 f& iLaboratory Evaluation
* y( O: a0 g aThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. A8 E7 _+ \, R: a/ iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 q/ E/ z8 F. r5 ilogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 J. z" Q$ j2 g! `karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* c( [; Y9 f4 f3 {; ^
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ _- U ?6 q. A+ M; o7 `
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).7 R+ b ]( F6 J: ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood# }. U" J( }4 b, S3 n
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 Y* G3 k& A" ^within normal range for his age. The concentration
6 G( |7 d+ A! m) c, \2 s) w8 \of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL& b) S4 O3 x2 a+ k* B7 F+ C p
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 207 B. F( Y$ ^% I! r. R3 e& A* X
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) U" @" X: p% M4 d! C" H
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
T9 Z- n1 N! z; ^desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to! }0 h$ z7 y: L' K) P
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- P* s. Z' r: n4 Q I' F
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. Y$ b6 u( y+ C |( F2 m- N0 Y
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
5 y. b+ u# }2 h" V6 ^testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),( p( C; v% l$ r" c, S+ O; F% F
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than+ {# W. X& E' |9 c9 u9 C# Y
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, e8 e( N; R& {8 tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
+ a7 o2 o+ N1 ^' nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
8 d+ u. `: Q* u5 f ~$ L(prepubertal).7 S1 j% q& ]+ q
The parents were notified about the laboratory% ^- y+ ?. d% h7 v
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ ?6 M5 C0 O& P1 V+ Snormal except the testosterone level was high. The. j* D. J7 A! w; r' Z- v
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
8 R7 e! `+ k& e/ ]4 Dobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, A, ~* Q# ~/ kever, the family did not return for 4 months. q1 n" q" |' M- H) H, S
Physical examination at this time revealed that the- z, L( w; S( x6 B% l, n
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
. Z0 y1 k' G" T- @2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! I# V9 o4 o2 x' J: t# V; `unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-' N" ~ [ J, ]* S0 Y. o
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; c3 q& G. q- dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: G+ ]0 w6 D9 n0 B* w
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 s5 P- X5 K9 c6 |& u
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-' M, I3 \& C! a+ r
ing frequent erections.
% [& f8 n+ e: E5 z# c8 aBoth parents were again questioned about use of5 c) \/ E1 `% }) x1 h! B
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to) ^# U* d E; U8 K) |
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
% i: V9 X7 S5 T# qTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 r o7 [7 G9 U) E9 j; a' R
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
0 K$ y. x. f' \% A2 Q0 Q/ V; N- Ting over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 Q3 S; M, n7 f7 \6 oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' j( n5 E8 z( d# [' b/ c
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" G6 s8 u. t: W2 O* |& a; a- oscribed by his family physician for decreased libido: Q& W3 U) _" P
secondary to depression." J3 m0 J* m; f ~. {2 ?& q3 a
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 k1 B5 L9 O/ v! ^) U1 @The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
/ I/ m" I x! t$ @7 ~chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
8 N1 w7 l# u8 o4 m5 ?nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.6 n$ F8 ^$ |& ?% J
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ c, y1 u1 @" v3 H4 N. @when he learned the testosterone level in the baby. W6 v( a) U8 F$ p' m
was high, he then read the product information, i. X% D# n" x7 E) z1 t. W K
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 a0 L# E6 z+ w0 _: rson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& H" Y, L# P" O5 O5 F& h( rdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the" G0 i# x" o6 Q' Q% D
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# K% G& G- ]) g e: V3 ^been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 d X. m2 _: S. A5 Ttest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
3 E$ A( `$ Y% v1 v- L, jlaboratory to obtain the test.
# [9 R% N, k+ P9 g/ dDiscussion! \+ e8 L5 Y, `2 a
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( q$ g+ q) B+ o psexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
. h7 j d9 A+ [6 KPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
- _7 v% h* y8 ?0 w. m2 mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 e/ x$ o- N/ V' H/ V
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
5 \) R0 C( s0 V8 }. ^# bmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( A, i, S$ i d) P9 w$ S
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
# O1 b# P- t9 @5 z, Kresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% g N/ X: R: e+ [" q, M
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
( d2 T5 b8 l4 \2 L# isis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in4 r; Y2 @$ W! b1 ?2 [# S6 Y
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 ~; Y a0 V+ U P- ^5 w8 R Kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
: f) C, H) [9 Z" ?! s6 Xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
5 y3 J9 w, P8 m; Dgonadotropins.1,39 Q, @: K, P7 V& }
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 w4 w# v/ F; V' z; G- L: lcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ S$ [4 {# A9 d+ e
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or/ U9 g- @ [+ W1 n% E! ^
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ W6 u9 h3 a1 ~/ D1 ^6 H$ X6 T, K( f
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- U' ]% L9 X$ y/ A/ Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 X6 {1 x' _1 [8 cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) V9 B4 p' y* {/ q5 O8 fpuberty in boys.3,4. J# E0 }7 f+ R+ f& F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
7 H L5 s' b7 M" yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& E( ^, r( K8 p) u- U
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
( ^. L7 h9 G& ?& r$ y/ }9 N) Xexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& u* }2 N0 N; f5 |' ean adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) D F7 J8 J7 S% h
excess.1,36 Y+ A6 F1 T2 ^/ p/ m6 T0 D( d- f
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ F" p1 n- W5 r9 C& A, ?# J4 D
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
h$ z/ e) ?& k. h2 ?& LA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ Q! `& @1 t* ^4 R+ X% R; X) D: {
independent precocious puberty, which is also known6 c8 C' _' o& g5 U
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
8 H% @( u! ~( avery young age. The physical findings in these boys
+ b+ i, ], \6 B1 h4 ^+ T8 Fwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
# {3 s$ K/ x! t* q% R: bincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( Z$ ^5 g% I4 J4 Z6 Y3 ?' _with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# l V% Q3 j+ P6 X1 V! O9 N0 r
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
6 T. U5 v$ F% L5 ]+ p/ R; Opubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" b& b- \4 N8 h6 j2 U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ Y( C1 H( @4 l) ` t2 M* gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 a- U3 ^% O7 }, C1 Z# hmales; therefore, other male members of the family9 M4 b# l1 V' g4 ]2 }" w6 m
may have similar precocious puberty.3
j; Q7 v7 U5 l K* o6 GIn our patient, physical examination was incon-4 J: v& ~: G, O. R* J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi- J7 L! S' E* k% k: v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ Z) P. w6 @! W1 _3 U) o
was in the differential diagnosis because his father' t, \6 |6 ~9 _$ | c$ i
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# r( L% a# ^' @& n2 n7 g
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
' D: h. g; Y' ^% g, [beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% ^/ t* d& Y- B) j0 p1 g
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
3 V1 D& o% ~. J. Obiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,$ a6 a* x: \1 @: I
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; D( L2 {- U3 y! h
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-* Z5 p3 D( d* Y2 p: i% ~
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# t" A _2 e) E1 a, H- J3 ? jThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' l$ `; e4 P( I* z8 k, Isuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because6 ?% F; u$ g- O: Z; K$ A1 E
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 u, s7 b7 G1 t+ F$ s S& U( bpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- y" z- ^: U K; W: w0 pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-+ Z& C+ }4 P0 Z3 w
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- Z% s" W9 a+ jusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 x* ?1 g& c6 {3 _/ k4 d/ d
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or) ~5 r. }2 \/ ^7 |# q% v
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 o1 c( a1 u/ Y% `. s. Z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* S6 w4 N# W% [& i3 b: i; Z
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the: a% k* l: J; m
baseline value in those females who were exposed to' [. U4 c' J3 m8 w" y* r
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
2 s% x6 { [9 f+ _partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ M0 ?1 ~; ^7 o2 X3 M3 b
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. Q% |- z3 z7 S8 O- @8 G) gOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ A, P0 h* E' w5 Uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' r' }) r$ k( [+ ]" t- b6 Y3 ]
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( Q, J0 q9 h) I! u; n! x' aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
- I. H1 a3 h: Q/ ~3 g2 iactive in young children exposed to testosterone
1 a" v1 {- L3 t2 j' l, ~( h, }exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-- l O C- M$ G; H5 s$ c6 N0 r
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to% R: l& x+ V7 ]1 w' L8 W
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 ]! [3 m7 D$ L/ s/ e3 Tchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and. K$ f% O' W8 ^+ W1 @$ k" Q
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
# E4 b. k$ T. G. G, jThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, E4 p" ~3 ~# Q9 }( d2 T1 `
early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 K* `. D& D/ ~0 ?adult height are not fully known and always remain
) ^. ?: e+ Q, J% e" e# q# Sa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 C' B/ \9 _" B+ ^8 Cterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* u( A; v, W9 m" j
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 ^0 U/ Q$ h2 `) \& A7 Ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation1 @% U$ Q2 l' i; H
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& r# y/ m( h" G0 x, j
There are conflicting reports and controversy
6 x/ Z7 g I# K8 Y. r4 @ q2 w8 jover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; q$ Z J/ r2 f+ g) S ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% w9 W* l9 f, @, U7 B- I/ |
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* v. f* j4 }( h- `7 hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( P$ [5 [* M o j. c& kSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
8 P$ i3 S" _, Z4 v. U( i0 {childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
& X# d1 ?4 d: ~/ C8 _; o# I6 P0 apenile length in clinical studies.
( E- v" i X/ H+ A' M" I( }Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! S: e6 A3 t. \3 y# d. r1 igoing to experience any of the untoward effects from. N% S2 _$ }$ n- y& E8 F" @9 P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 T V$ N( N U% e. N( bthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
/ n, n% H0 D- A) }6 J- kAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of% E! F2 H+ U6 \3 [: l
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at8 L8 Y! Q; h, r+ z2 i
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 d& b4 r, @: T# w8 {( Theight will not be affected." q9 @) \4 [' ?+ o% T$ J
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-- |; m" n' Q* H N4 @/ a
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 \$ g. ]: e" V/ ]( Windeed cause more virilization in male or female
' u% C4 K, p# S* t- u: ~3 a1 Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 z7 b4 @9 c2 N$ b% d
gen products must be considered and specific ques-6 y2 `- Z$ q I0 f' v/ o! F
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or, D! W! I; s1 ~, z6 r2 Y* L
gel should be asked of the family members during
) i( V) L9 n8 K+ Mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# k( j& n: `( Bilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag- V5 e0 F2 v8 d. b- R2 K/ V( T
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by& Y. b6 m2 _1 Y* F* m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 ]4 I3 A' R' E/ M% Shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# t! u8 B! V1 c# F% Y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive- I9 O! w" l6 ^+ y
investigation. The primary care physician should be( u* k& R* Q4 s- L4 L
aware of this fact, because most of these children" y; j# r/ e" |, D8 E, Z
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
, m) J! \( p( o4 N- ~Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& g) Z, j2 z- ]0 O4 M7 j) y" j* Xwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or' a; R$ v9 O3 N: }- o
female child who might come in contact with some-
' Y* k% C2 V+ Rone using any of these products.& C# b2 ^, p% M& {- x6 r% ]
References
: v* h; k+ M& P/ C1 D1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. F8 v' D" @# ]# Z
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
; K$ o! N; D6 G: F/ l" c6 C$ uEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" S1 }1 ~8 X9 ~& D4 f8 Q
2002: 565-628.) D7 H: c1 G7 ` z% }3 D
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious, l2 _: ]2 k6 C0 U
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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