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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 M6 c# E" b  y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical' k$ u5 Q' G# h6 N
Exposure to Testosterone
" T' {3 [* z: ~& E- a5 j/ ~% |9 ESamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2# n+ f- R" m# U" P% F9 H$ P( k
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
/ k3 q2 Z4 f, S4 E1 X8 f' _1 VClinical Pediatrics5 e( \6 v/ ^! R- @3 e* e& m
Volume 46 Number 6
) G# H4 x8 e  N. wJuly 2007 540-543
& X' [; i6 R& j, m© 2007 Sage Publications
# W9 H7 H: d; a% h, Z10.1177/0009922806296651
- m& A  j  D5 b  Phttp://clp.sagepub.com
( ?6 V. n5 @: ?# [hosted at: d) G7 E5 L; B- k% b$ S0 ]) Q" O. r  X
http://online.sagepub.com/ \5 B8 o5 r! m' k/ \# j
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" U# F9 Q+ H1 K, Z% Dis a significant concern for physicians. Central( ~9 A% R: n' D! h" V2 [, E
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& c) o% W1 `( X7 y0 Lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has2 P. x8 }: d) a9 Z+ c* r: C. \
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  m. k$ z/ K' alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ Q4 J6 z2 `8 |* V& T% ]
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
1 t! d& I( }# ^: t0 g' |hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# i4 Z# b1 E2 t2 Z! e2 h
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% X8 r9 h$ T7 u8 `) E9 G  T9 \report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ o$ }$ u2 Y2 X
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-1 }/ {1 N' e  ^/ _% ~* m: t
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- ?$ Q) k7 ?( P+ J  W4 i- Y
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by  m! m% ?6 [" q: j; F" }# V
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 B8 H( M. B8 K$ S% k5 @( E
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( `- a5 h/ k) ^2 V
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
: ?5 T; x% l- H& Wtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-! I4 [. C0 ^- y
bly more common than the rare case report in the
) G8 c# O$ h5 C' x9 |0 B8 [4 N1 w! aliterature.4
7 c8 m6 i6 ?5 TPatient Report
4 {/ U5 F1 ]' ]1 i8 e% ^A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- T) R  u9 h! f$ m  j" d8 mendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
' `2 c3 h/ W9 _3 z- k/ M* Bof early sexual development. His mother noticed
- V* H8 M6 D) E( d- O! J& |light colored pubic hair development when he was
3 e. A1 b9 y7 i! c; R# U/ GFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of4 T( e& E* y) d4 w. N
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 R5 i7 E. w# w. N- @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," j* `1 S7 A1 C5 u
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
* `3 z. l- f- ~' vMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;, J3 ?! Y! y+ Y) O" E+ T
e-mail: [email protected].9 x3 q8 o" g! I4 N
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 [5 p# w4 N, G3 ?( v: A# ?darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-9 s( f/ |8 i- T5 ~- L7 ^. q
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
2 Q. s# O; \. v5 s" ]3 _+ Qwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
6 J6 |! c3 M2 v. }* D6 {a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
) J1 T& R5 z' o' Q9 B$ f20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
+ V6 f: U9 S  e3 t4 e0 Z6 i! aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
: _/ C% Y9 ~0 u- L2 Q# wsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 k: _6 h. b$ S- l) U* w
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development: y9 e1 }7 G7 p* A
was age appropriate.
3 E) ?( M0 l6 xThe family history was remarkable for the father,
! K! q+ B$ \2 p( ~0 {, xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
- V' c6 a" B) d$ g# x+ [. nwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s* f9 G3 M! R1 e9 M
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat) h7 |$ R3 r0 l3 d
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.2 ?2 h" K/ N. y. m; [5 l
The father denied taking any other medication. The
& z# N- Q! j" Z# }4 o/ F- ^child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
  f6 F9 B. B0 P7 Z3 L+ i4 m/ u  owas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& w: k3 ?1 ~* Y2 D6 a5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-; X* m' t; C+ T1 ~; L
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
4 H2 R, S  R. p9 k  R4 X9 r; itives. There were no siblings.8 e6 s1 r) a# {8 ~/ ^( y
Physical Examination
$ U/ i5 x2 \2 U0 y4 Z. BThe physical examination revealed a very active,5 @4 c3 I7 I5 y3 S0 k
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
- I) V  `% [2 Y$ u; j5 La blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 s1 d2 q3 t0 W
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg' l- w, D  s: a0 u5 e
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
; G, _" j  Q- L" N$ }# ^velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
3 J( l# A: v) a* }the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ c3 }# Y& B) C1 a0 j2 Z5 _The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 W' d% c- B- y  Y. jenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. `2 g, Y  H% y; @! K
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 P3 Q" z0 W" l4 Y; w# x
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around& Y: E# w2 l! E3 {% z4 i9 u, a7 Q
540
8 _% X0 V; p9 o$ I; G, v1 w7 Xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ a$ z0 i6 H! Q0 a7 r. Nthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% }& g2 N7 y0 p& Z& @1 [
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 v) B3 {6 j/ N& ?: b" HThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat# l% o! ?- w6 G2 ?; Q& p* M  ?
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no" B+ r$ H  C) x" k5 O) j
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ c$ Q( f$ z5 I' `+ d$ z5 i  K8 C
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
; d/ ~4 ?4 {% a$ M; J$ abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion7 x" }. _* n( a. U8 g! R
of papilledema.& L  D/ n, M4 U3 w
Laboratory Evaluation& P- z$ j8 s( o5 K6 [5 n
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by5 L) k. p% l7 c; m+ k8 ?
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
! s& w6 p0 b4 zlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal* H/ o& b3 Y+ L8 V' J5 W- C' ]
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test0 C: |, i4 T1 V) Z/ a* D; W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-/ i! C0 T' ^* B% j1 l& k
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
8 A! A1 r+ j6 P6 g- l* ?The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
7 i( s/ I' P* C$ _urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were, i0 l1 t# c2 o' k! t3 C3 S" i: k
within normal range for his age. The concentration
% O6 d/ c( ]! ~5 p/ j0 g% \. nof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 _, l. F/ L- T9 \' i(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20( n! i/ S; L) F
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-/ s, E) p: U: H4 T  i  X; C
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),; m* K! {. Z% T7 M0 X# M4 o& M
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
8 ?- F5 N" J( a. R" Q49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)3 j9 Z0 j1 r# i8 s
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 ~3 c* L- V9 \+ G. h% e( _1 H
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ w6 e0 a: O  w6 L8 X
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),1 f( U- s% Z5 @, E9 R( F8 X; z" `
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- H' u9 f3 }9 Z  R$ V0 E
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
! Q% ?# O  L( L4 n3 L7 ^stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
  A- T) i4 T' P/ o, ?/ qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL* r# d+ A9 D* @8 ^
(prepubertal).- C; ]: m/ y& l7 {% c5 ^
The parents were notified about the laboratory
1 v  B6 G6 q) T* U3 oresults and were informed that all of the tests were
/ }; I7 B! e' z* Znormal except the testosterone level was high. The  Q+ a4 W; J" I# B# O, B8 \
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
2 G/ j" S. J! oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( B* y5 `+ R  p- [ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! J& ?  V6 C( g9 V: R7 YPhysical examination at this time revealed that the; Y6 l6 \! |# L& `
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained7 L9 w3 K* |% `) U! j( w" J/ `- p4 Y2 M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 j' L6 e( `; c" G& Q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-$ S* [: _0 E8 H  K+ S3 P
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
0 r  s' o" G* K* \  ?the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 n; S3 @! a4 m) @+ t) j2 p
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- Y  p, p  g. V* z0 _" _
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
, b( \# c" I9 e& Q7 N5 q& \ing frequent erections.
; ~6 }, m3 A" @" X0 X+ g2 ZBoth parents were again questioned about use of
8 o0 j+ p3 l: V+ tany ointment/creams that they may have applied to7 C4 s# B. V0 e' T6 [- L7 Z
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
8 }. [6 I& F) DTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541) E3 J" M" f7 W% g+ }9 G
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
+ J: Q. o" z# H8 r$ w* Ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
0 y$ O* d! U# G. d5 o: S  La year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed: U% F! e. K7 y( p3 S
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" C/ l/ d% v& N) z, f
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido' ^( P4 j6 R; T; s/ v4 [3 ~% x7 t9 |
secondary to depression.0 `$ e) ]. `7 _% r( `
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ Q- T7 a5 G# C  @6 ^4 w& v2 t% uThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
  l$ @# t2 E9 b! I; P) Wchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
& a' [/ e7 @  _9 O! bnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' `- d- M4 C. [; k
The father also admitted that after the phone call,3 k1 \' W, ^8 z' [  M
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby) x3 u6 |0 \) [( c2 O' p
was high, he then read the product information
/ m* O& S  G0 h$ ^( K1 e3 Opacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( X2 F7 l; C5 |5 [0 ]* R: tson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, F# K3 ~5 i  N( t# v7 }- J$ p# Fdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
. |$ E$ y- j! r$ M8 O2 kfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# X0 u" l- [# b& V- _7 M- _4 kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 i1 t* E$ V1 ^test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
( Y$ V5 |: Q! x# H4 A, n- k: W9 klaboratory to obtain the test.
6 [  W" u6 S- h2 z+ KDiscussion+ {! Q1 ?9 L- d% c! c' [
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary( D2 Z+ G  R3 j! B. S& L3 j0 c
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 M" [2 {! d" ~: JPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
4 ?. |7 x9 p4 Z6 |it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 x1 _7 j( k9 m  J% Z( ?' W  ^thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-7 C! s  q6 d6 N5 x0 h
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( C- t( `* v- ?! @
may have a central nervous system lesion that is* Q' y( M# W( e0 }/ d3 e
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-$ O0 X% A, c. R
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
+ [! J1 q- G7 c! ^$ tsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in8 l# Z* Z, ]0 t& z1 p0 a* w' y
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
% E: z3 ^& U! p: W$ {: Gization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-: `5 h6 j. ~% C, O1 k9 ]
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& V$ _. Y: M6 w, r1 V; x$ T
gonadotropins.1,3- h; p# c0 g" ^  ~: A
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* u7 I: R: I1 ]
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate* ?0 B3 p- n8 F" l2 E
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ e3 [7 m/ A- c& b9 ?exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 x  V- ^5 n7 R" N$ F) I0 r
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing. U+ n3 b" L; r/ p0 j
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- y) a! l5 K5 I! |/ t9 [
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious, a& p) `7 d* z1 e+ Y& w" j+ N9 k
puberty in boys.3,4# n2 i, a* b7 o3 P
The most common form of congenital adrenal
- A3 `# Q) }( zhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.3 h5 k# _- _" M9 ]) B0 P, D* l* Z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in+ v8 i+ g% t& ^
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,; K5 Y; ?' d2 f7 b' ^
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
& R0 R9 G. y+ a6 Vexcess.1,3
" C, ^8 j& V! F" @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) j: X/ ^5 u  X: D) I+ c+ }3 ~9 }542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
/ m5 W* ]# r+ L+ q% R9 b- @/ C8 Q9 dA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
; ~5 ^: s* {4 @) C& Lindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 Q3 S0 m7 o2 g% c9 r$ J1 H7 yas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ M; k) c: W) N8 h  s: Tvery young age. The physical findings in these boys" \8 D7 M7 P$ v7 {
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 e" Y" q8 S% q1 D0 Hincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
* i0 I9 b! `" C5 k+ D2 |9 owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
6 d- K1 `$ X$ D/ m- j) [0 ^3 Nare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 o$ R; n" Y% K& i/ C# opubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
0 E8 T* O/ j. j! I: y* l6 sreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ f# Y7 r" X. |, U/ Lautosomal dominant disorder that affects only* k* N# s" e3 Q
males; therefore, other male members of the family, l# U+ t: |( Q4 v
may have similar precocious puberty.3
* t# j* C& X) u7 p% n, B5 S% _; VIn our patient, physical examination was incon-+ ?/ d# @5 G/ m: ^
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-! w3 S# v+ T/ l% l2 ]  l& U8 U# ^
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 M- Y+ e3 [/ V6 n
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
' H( b6 j3 a! u0 istarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,  \3 }6 r9 i( e" m4 F
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
: h3 _: s6 f! i8 W8 zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-. U; i& j7 u. l4 `
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our; ?9 V2 ?0 x8 Z( V
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' S. L9 E3 p- p' c, T8 u4 neither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 W7 }+ w+ F8 I4 S! m$ v
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ _: A  S' A6 q: z7 |$ b& ?) i
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.' f  V: q" [6 |- p
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly" @4 @3 m0 }& T- J( r, h
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
4 [& w8 r7 q- S% ^3 T! Mthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-4 R! ?! x% q- N/ U2 H8 C. G
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
& l$ r0 d7 e& H1 f- o) g0 ~" Pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 ~5 [* [) L# |; q- b8 s' j  Xterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was4 u* @( K: [5 j4 K
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
5 p/ C) w0 T: F; iDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% P1 @! g' U5 K* ?' [$ ^. v2 @, n' ncream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
$ _* p5 k8 P3 Z4 `+ t. Vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.- \! v: Q! D% b% g. Q
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
) [2 K* T  a( k7 N/ w- x6 Gbaseline value in those females who were exposed to! ~& M% S! m! c: j
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male1 q# M' G% C: q" T4 f5 w; d6 q9 J
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
$ A# l) n" M! E% r; P! [, y9 a! Xtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.1 w( `% @+ O) j! J, g7 B5 {% C4 k
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
% F$ s) b; K6 p  vwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
( {1 O4 J. V1 {7 _0 W1 [/ M% l' Hdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-# G  O: H+ W5 [/ k8 \
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more5 }! M. o) R) r0 R" a
active in young children exposed to testosterone
* ~3 f, t, P2 e0 I4 ?1 Cexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-1 t9 a& \# [8 L1 _
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* p% A. S8 X; ~# v  G- v) a% |
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
5 U# U8 y( m. a) Rchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and$ W# w8 J. ~8 |# R& d
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.  ]* S5 r2 O: j  X
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 _! j5 ?( P8 u+ ^' L
early childhood on pubertal development and final" L) n+ ~+ n' `9 O$ c
adult height are not fully known and always remain
( Y7 v6 Q( q! \a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 S2 ?# W2 ?$ S1 \8 G! X/ @2 @4 e
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
$ e$ \) W7 X, `) P: H9 U4 i& Gacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after; Z1 c2 E+ U! T3 w$ O
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* w9 U! @0 m; u+ H. P' k5 x/ sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9- i/ x+ E' O% R) r9 V
There are conflicting reports and controversy9 u$ W8 J8 \% m9 W2 L
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; b( N' O1 z4 s. j: `8 Q
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 H8 z# O9 |* L& M
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
0 b  q) J; p. yulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,2 [: P" _( c4 O$ r; i
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between+ c. B% {6 d, m) @/ k$ X# ~' p2 S. `
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult# m5 h; G& r) Y# A
penile length in clinical studies.) p1 S7 @- M6 a& p
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is4 }) R5 I. Y  P) w3 p
going to experience any of the untoward effects from0 ]( H& O6 W4 N
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because/ d' k  P: Q5 k
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 h% P8 P, T& n# C5 [# v# U: lAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of9 E" K1 E4 ]" l' h4 ?2 [' u- T; n
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at9 ^/ f) d7 S) t0 ]. h
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# W! ^- t9 U, `- U' K, o
height will not be affected.$ t5 V0 H, `* g6 U* h6 l1 C$ T) Y2 q. t
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
; U) ]& j6 W5 Lability of androgen products in our society may
, I6 D" j+ _9 F; r* f1 j) X) hindeed cause more virilization in male or female
, N+ A( a- T6 e2 v$ Schildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
( g1 X. X5 N5 f) S# k) Ngen products must be considered and specific ques-
# X9 |  Q) v$ m- v- O3 n0 A3 utioning about the use of a testosterone product or9 p' X! K, ^( ]- ~7 ^: F
gel should be asked of the family members during1 u4 s1 ?5 H; `* w9 u
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
3 i0 ~0 m: {7 u% f8 q! |ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
+ r) R' Z/ F, ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by7 v' M+ n7 i$ i6 W( \$ R1 ?) ^6 G
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a& t# {7 F2 S+ I% H$ c" N5 b
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
4 E& }/ v& A+ w* Z& E6 v: dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
* ^0 {' g0 e+ S/ g- t  Tinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
% e  S( c1 N) x( n% D) B: _, H: uaware of this fact, because most of these children' j5 d" }) b' Z  U/ |4 S
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ ]; n0 Y2 n( h: B
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a$ h+ |4 V% p. w1 @. a% p* ]
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 x5 G8 k0 ], L1 Kfemale child who might come in contact with some-
5 M& E$ i& Q5 W3 |one using any of these products.
, A  M$ m( M4 X% J8 m' b/ K: C+ VReferences2 o/ m2 O* s: l- G' O
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation8 J% I' j, |1 u9 `  g
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric/ C- Y4 A! L, m6 B# S* g% w% t6 Z
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
+ w7 \& H5 A: \/ Y" u2002: 565-628.- _5 j6 ], N/ a) b
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious  v2 n, d5 P7 @1 B1 a3 y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: K/ r7 `+ k% @) k& b  bBoy Induced by Indirect Topical) A& V. a1 \/ C; y0 @% W1 b
Exposure to Testosterone2 d1 K2 n" v/ ^- d: U0 Q/ I
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
( C$ ]4 G* E1 k" [( q- b, Sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 P$ K; z% g$ Y# U1 B$ g- Y) [
Clinical Pediatrics6 E, U; P2 a: k/ w( ^
Volume 46 Number 65 b+ t( |2 b+ N  U
July 2007 540-543! H; C) M, U" W- f1 L( Q& o: J. |% \
© 2007 Sage Publications
6 |% ^1 s& M6 b& h10.1177/0009922806296651
$ [& P/ y. K+ g9 Qhttp://clp.sagepub.com2 A2 ~8 ~5 K% ~" D
hosted at
1 C. j8 {3 K: Z6 ^8 l. ahttp://online.sagepub.com
0 d- E& ?/ ?; T5 V0 T4 S) vPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
% D; H* n3 q' v0 eis a significant concern for physicians. Central: h# B; T- a+ ?6 M: f6 o& n
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
( S9 A! k, m* F4 u1 b- E. }through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has! s" G; F6 P5 k
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system" [5 ]' O" }4 c1 `: M
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested3 l+ h6 f4 F1 \( y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic3 v" g2 D& ^$ Y9 _  _: |7 y! U
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* M: K  }2 T: p! y: Y. |. A7 g7 R
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 v; ?# N% g% u1 o6 a
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
2 N/ D" \7 R. ?% V9 r& O, ]enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 w9 E7 k6 W- P
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due( p5 ?0 c8 C# f& Y/ i3 r2 \) t
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by2 h& m/ X4 U' T0 E7 Z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-( D; _4 ~6 h5 S+ |
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' h5 i/ g4 g$ `) j0 G
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
8 P2 l. o8 e& g+ s, h) i, Itestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 ]* x+ [$ C' b. @* Zbly more common than the rare case report in the
! L' L/ h4 _) l# n# N. mliterature.43 a2 L8 u, H; r4 _2 ?" ]
Patient Report  ?+ G7 @, A& P. e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the" x6 Y/ T" R5 j7 J4 n
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern# Y% `1 B$ e& F+ \
of early sexual development. His mother noticed- k! R/ L2 I; t; l# b
light colored pubic hair development when he was
" w8 B& d) [3 |% G0 V# x+ PFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of+ q7 f% A, Z8 ?, A
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
  b3 v7 R# i- i: V$ J9 f* nAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
; W1 A4 g9 C; X7 xProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 v( @, K* @' n/ _
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 I% B: v0 L- u$ L! Pe-mail: [email protected].
/ X; W8 Q- S2 O% nabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
7 t( G; I. H$ K7 Wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-* A7 J5 x0 Z+ ^6 |, |5 [
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child- h; p; T& c% d, j8 f3 ^- n
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 {# y8 @4 `) L/ P: Q  r
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) N, d6 B0 }/ J6 B2 I
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 J" _$ f$ n# y7 Iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
0 M0 w9 G8 u: k, j8 m% Z$ Gsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
' A) I2 }2 K2 M# d4 I% H$ ?, Nand his psychosocial and psychomotor development% ]: P* Q1 }; v! N
was age appropriate.
0 R3 g; Q5 s% ^The family history was remarkable for the father,
8 ?3 V7 r" K4 |, w  `1 Zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
9 z+ x( k, W8 H$ ?+ Y  {0 \$ q4 n3 N/ |which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 b5 ]' i. {0 [  h, ^
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 L0 r$ R, S8 `0 W- `- y3 }+ ]. y
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
9 H. C1 d+ Y- L  X5 }$ vThe father denied taking any other medication. The
0 g) D2 p3 a7 Q1 n6 ychild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ c3 C0 f/ L& Q' M& P
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
1 w$ Q/ j$ ^! I4 F' v1 m8 d1 a1 {/ Q5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ {" l- _1 }+ P% @! |
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ T5 K8 a+ O! B7 r- w- q1 \8 g$ |) ]tives. There were no siblings.
1 M$ ]8 u! X& Y, a: Q  w- bPhysical Examination
4 l% ]% q1 E9 V8 f6 kThe physical examination revealed a very active,
5 z) Y' \2 w5 Q) Oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) x) `" v$ H3 v% v. N1 U. ]& Za blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was1 M$ Y9 W* }4 P: a0 X4 e; w
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" W: C$ j) _& y1 H8 ^- J" p(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
$ h; N3 C$ i8 s! dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' h; S, m' Y/ @& P2 qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.- Q1 G; b2 w; C- d: ~
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for7 J: ]/ G- b" I. G1 u$ k$ j
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 y3 f+ L$ J$ r* n- a% i8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well- }/ ]4 W, k3 B8 v5 L) N& b
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" }+ T% M# d/ i! [1 K" J540) `/ S8 |0 p; b0 R) W  Q- E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( t5 I' e1 z# ~5 h7 h) m. }; b
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The# t, z9 i5 {+ y. o
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." o- @/ y% c% i% r9 _1 R6 C
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
: y7 [, e+ I5 n2 Moily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
; b# d' G( s8 Jabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 o" o2 I2 {  G4 u8 TNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* o: |8 N( k1 N% Vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion9 e. Z( W5 F. D! a
of papilledema.
6 J, g# ?1 o  x2 ]4 @6 f& iLaboratory Evaluation
* y( O: a0 g  aThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. A8 E7 _+ \, R: a/ iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 q/ E/ z8 F. r5 ilogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 J. z" Q$ j2 g! `karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* c( [; Y9 f4 f3 {; ^
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ _- U  ?6 q. A+ M; o7 `
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).7 R+ b  ]( F6 J: ^
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood# }. U" J( }4 b, S3 n
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
3 Y* G3 k& A" ^within normal range for his age. The concentration
6 G( |7 d+ A! m) c, \2 s) w8 \of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL& b) S4 O3 x2 a+ k* B7 F+ C  p
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 207 B. F( Y$ ^% I! r. R3 e& A* X
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) U" @" X: p% M4 d! C" H
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
  T9 Z- n1 N! z; ^desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to! }0 h$ z7 y: L' K) P
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- P* s. Z' r: n4 Q  I' F
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. Y$ b6 u( y+ C  |( F2 m- N0 Y
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
5 y. b+ u# }2 h" V6 ^testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),( p( C; v% l$ r" c, S+ O; F% F
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than+ {# W. X& E' |9 c9 u9 C# Y
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, e8 e( N; R& {8 tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
+ a7 o2 o+ N1 ^' nconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
8 d+ u. `: Q* u5 f  ~$ L(prepubertal).7 S1 j% q& ]+ q
The parents were notified about the laboratory% ^- y+ ?. d% h7 v
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ ?6 M5 C0 O& P1 V+ Snormal except the testosterone level was high. The. j* D. J7 A! w; r' Z- v
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
8 R7 e! `+ k& e/ ]4 Dobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, A, ~* Q# ~/ kever, the family did not return for 4 months.  q1 n" q" |' M- H) H, S
Physical examination at this time revealed that the- z, L( w; S( x6 B% l, n
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
. Z0 y1 k' G" T- @2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! I# V9 o4 o2 x' J: t# V; `unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-' N" ~  [  J, ]* S0 Y. o
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; c3 q& G. q- dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: G+ ]0 w6 D9 n0 B* w
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 s5 P- X5 K9 c6 |& u
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-' M, I3 \& C! a+ r
ing frequent erections.
% [& f8 n+ e: E5 z# c8 aBoth parents were again questioned about use of5 c) \/ E1 `% }) x1 h! B
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to) ^# U* d  E; U8 K) |
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
% i: V9 X7 S5 T# qTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 r  o7 [7 G9 U) E9 j; a' R
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
0 K$ y. x. f' \% A2 Q0 Q/ V; N- Ting over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
3 Q3 S; M, n7 f7 \6 oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' j( n5 E8 z( d# [' b/ c
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" G6 s8 u. t: W2 O* |& a; a- oscribed by his family physician for decreased libido: Q& W3 U) _" P
secondary to depression." J3 m0 J* m; f  ~. {2 ?& q3 a
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 k1 B5 L9 O/ v! ^) U1 @The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
/ I/ m" I  x! t$ @7 ~chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
8 N1 w7 l# u8 o4 m5 ?nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.6 n$ F8 ^$ |& ?% J
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ c, y1 u1 @" v3 H4 N. @when he learned the testosterone level in the baby. W6 v( a) U8 F$ p' m
was high, he then read the product information, i. X% D# n" x7 E) z1 t. W  K
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 a0 L# E6 z+ w0 _: rson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
& H" Y, L# P" O5 O5 F& h( rdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the" G0 i# x" o6 Q' Q% D
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
# K% G& G- ]) g  e: V3 ^been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 d  X. m2 _: S. A5 Ttest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
3 E$ A( `$ Y% v1 v- L, jlaboratory to obtain the test.
# [9 R% N, k+ P9 g/ dDiscussion! \+ e8 L5 Y, `2 a
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( q$ g+ q) B+ o  psexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
. h7 j  d9 A+ [6 KPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
- _7 v% h* y8 ?0 w. m2 mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 e/ x$ o- N/ V' H/ V
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
5 \) R0 C( s0 V8 }. ^# bmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( A, i, S$ i  d) P9 w$ S
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
# O1 b# P- t9 @5 z, Kresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-% g  N/ X: R: e+ [" q, M
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
( d2 T5 b8 l4 \2 L# isis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in4 r; Y2 @$ W! b1 ?2 [# S6 Y
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 ~; Y  a0 V+ U  P- ^5 w8 R  Kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
: f) C, H) [9 Z" ?! s6 Xrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
5 y3 J9 w, P8 m; Dgonadotropins.1,39 Q, @: K, P7 V& }
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 w4 w# v/ F; V' z; G- L: lcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate+ S$ [4 {# A9 d+ e
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or/ U9 g- @  [+ W1 n% E! ^
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ W6 u9 h3 a1 ~/ D1 ^6 H$ X6 T, K( f
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- U' ]% L9 X$ y/ A/ Tcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 X6 {1 x' _1 [8 cadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) V9 B4 p' y* {/ q5 O8 fpuberty in boys.3,4. J# E0 }7 f+ R+ f& F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
7 H  L5 s' b7 M" yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& E( ^, r( K8 p) u- U
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
( ^. L7 h9 G& ?& r$ y/ }9 N) Xexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& u* }2 N0 N; f5 |' ean adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) D  F7 J8 J7 S% h
excess.1,36 Y+ A6 F1 T2 ^/ p/ m6 T0 D( d- f
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ F" p1 n- W5 r9 C& A, ?# J4 D
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
  h$ z/ e) ?& k. h2 ?& LA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-+ Q! `& @1 t* ^4 R+ X% R; X) D: {
independent precocious puberty, which is also known6 c8 C' _' o& g5 U
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
8 H% @( u! ~( avery young age. The physical findings in these boys
+ b+ i, ], \6 B1 h4 ^+ T8 Fwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
# {3 s$ K/ x! t* q% R: bincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
( Z$ ^5 g% I4 J4 Z6 Y3 ?' _with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# l  V% Q3 j+ P6 X1 V! O9 N0 r
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
6 T. U5 v$ F% L5 ]+ p/ R; Opubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" b& b- \4 N8 h6 j2 U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ Y( C1 H( @4 l) `  t2 M* gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
0 a- U3 ^% O7 }, C1 Z# hmales; therefore, other male members of the family9 M4 b# l1 V' g4 ]2 }" w6 m
may have similar precocious puberty.3
  j; Q7 v7 U5 l  K* o6 GIn our patient, physical examination was incon-4 J: v& ~: G, O. R* J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-  J7 L! S' E* k% k: v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ Z) P. w6 @! W1 _3 U) o
was in the differential diagnosis because his father' t, \6 |6 ~9 _$ |  c$ i
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# r( L% a# ^' @& n2 n7 g
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
' D: h. g; Y' ^% g, [beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% ^/ t* d& Y- B) j0 p1 g
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
3 V1 D& o% ~. J. Obiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,$ a6 a* x: \1 @: I
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; D( L2 {- U3 y! h
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-* Z5 p3 D( d* Y2 p: i% ~
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# t" A  _2 e) E1 a, H- J3 ?  jThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
' l$ `; e4 P( I* z8 k, Isuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because6 ?% F; u$ g- O: Z; K$ A1 E
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 u, s7 b7 G1 t+ F$ s  S& U( bpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- y" z- ^: U  K; W: w0 pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-+ Z& C+ }4 P0 Z3 w
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- Z% s" W9 a+ jusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’0 x* ?1 g& c6 {3 _/ k4 d/ d
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or) ~5 r. }2 \/ ^7 |# q% v
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 o1 c( a1 u/ Y% `. s. Z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* S6 w4 N# W% [& i3 b: i; Z
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the: a% k* l: J; m
baseline value in those females who were exposed to' [. U4 c' J3 m8 w" y* r
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
2 s% x6 {  [9 f+ _partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ M0 ?1 ~; ^7 o2 X3 M3 b
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. Q% |- z3 z7 S8 O- @8 G) gOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ A, P0 h* E' w5 Uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that' r' }) r$ k( [+ ]" t- b6 Y3 ]
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
( Q, J0 q9 h) I! u; n! x' aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
- I. H1 a3 h: Q/ ~3 g2 iactive in young children exposed to testosterone
1 a" v1 {- L3 t2 j' l, ~( h, }exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-- l  O  C- M$ G; H5 s$ c6 N0 r
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to% R: l& x+ V7 ]1 w' L8 W
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 ]! [3 m7 D$ L/ s/ e3 Tchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and. K$ f% O' W8 ^+ W1 @$ k" Q
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
# E4 b. k$ T. G. G, jThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, E4 p" ~3 ~# Q9 }( d2 T1 `
early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 K* `. D& D/ ~0 ?adult height are not fully known and always remain
) ^. ?: e+ Q, J% e" e# q# Sa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
1 C' B/ \9 _" B+ ^8 Cterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* u( A; v, W9 m" j
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 ^0 U/ Q$ h2 `) \& A7 Ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation1 @% U$ Q2 l' i; H
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9& r# y/ m( h" G0 x, j
There are conflicting reports and controversy
6 x/ Z7 g  I# K8 Y. r4 @  q2 w8 jover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; q$ Z  J/ r2 f+ g) S  ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% w9 W* l9 f, @, U7 B- I/ |
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* v. f* j4 }( h- `7 hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( P$ [5 [* M  o  j. c& kSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
8 P$ i3 S" _, Z4 v. U( i0 {childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
& X# d1 ?4 d: ~/ C8 _; o# I6 P0 apenile length in clinical studies.
( E- v" i  X/ H+ A' M" I( }Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
! S: e6 A3 t. \3 y# d. r1 igoing to experience any of the untoward effects from. N% S2 _$ }$ n- y& E8 F" @9 P
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 T  V$ N( N  U% e. N( bthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
/ n, n% H0 D- A) }6 J- kAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of% E! F2 H+ U6 \3 [: l
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at8 L8 Y! Q; h, r+ z2 i
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 d& b4 r, @: T# w8 {( Theight will not be affected." q9 @) \4 [' ?+ o% T$ J
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-- |; m" n' Q* H  N4 @/ a
ability of androgen products in our society may
2 \$ g. ]: e" V/ ]( Windeed cause more virilization in male or female
' u% C4 K, p# S* t- u: ~3 a1 Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-7 z7 b4 @9 c2 N$ b% d
gen products must be considered and specific ques-6 y2 `- Z$ q  I0 f' v/ o! F
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or, D! W! I; s1 ~, z6 r2 Y* L
gel should be asked of the family members during
) i( V) L9 n8 K+ Mthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# k( j& n: `( Bilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-  V5 e0 F2 v8 d. b- R2 K/ V( T
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by& Y. b6 m2 _1 Y* F* m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
8 ]4 I3 A' R' E/ M% Shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# t! u8 B! V1 c# F% Y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive- I9 O! w" l6 ^+ y
investigation. The primary care physician should be( u* k& R* Q4 s- L4 L
aware of this fact, because most of these children" y; j# r/ e" |, D8 E, Z
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
, m) J! \( p( o4 N- ~Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& g) Z, j2 z- ]0 O4 M7 j) y" j* Xwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or' a; R$ v9 O3 N: }- o
female child who might come in contact with some-
' Y* k% C2 V+ Rone using any of these products.& C# b2 ^, p% M& {- x6 r% ]
References
: v* h; k+ M& P/ C1 D1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. F8 v' D" @# ]# Z
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
; K$ o! N; D6 G: F/ l" c6 C$ uEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" S1 }1 ~8 X9 ~& D4 f8 Q
2002: 565-628.) D7 H: c1 G7 `  z% }3 D
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious, l2 _: ]2 k6 C0 U
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
7 a# c5 D- ^* q% d! W
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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