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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old) M6 v, S; @( F6 J0 g2 p/ v
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
) G A, ~ Z! uExposure to Testosterone# N( J/ X, P; M3 ?9 B4 F T: k, t
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2+ W: W2 {5 s& Z
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1! b# W) I1 ~/ r
Clinical Pediatrics9 I* k1 k g6 r: h2 A
Volume 46 Number 6
# X2 f1 e \. dJuly 2007 540-5434 @0 J- k A$ w _' m
© 2007 Sage Publications
# x6 ]4 O- p: {6 Q8 K I10.1177/0009922806296651
: Z0 A' O5 g8 ]7 v, Ehttp://clp.sagepub.com
( ~! G+ x. W# shosted at) q& N7 m) ?5 j {
http://online.sagepub.com3 z( z8 {+ H% R6 E$ {9 S6 u
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
6 m9 X z" R. H1 N5 Zis a significant concern for physicians. Central
" w3 t* B/ h# Q( h3 e" hprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ }3 U, s9 a. F$ zthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has0 M- i, }% R8 o1 n4 o0 _. l
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 J( {' @- b! Y
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested. S1 T% @5 v ]7 I" E; A0 r& h
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
6 }7 i0 z7 b) `: {/ x. } Ghair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# N- ^% r* l0 p! l) `' E: J2 P
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- s( T5 {( j t, \report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the7 Z) h. z( [; i; |3 R, G
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
0 I5 D0 w7 E$ j& o0 ]) {! v( ]ment without testicular enlargement, which was due3 L6 j" a, A- q9 e' t* [4 O
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 |8 a1 K8 R2 kthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
8 _1 C6 G1 I8 `: q/ ^mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
; H4 S- z0 e$ W' _child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
+ l6 u5 w& T, O" l" S# a; c/ f0 Btestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
' [/ n& `( h7 ?5 t1 A& V; Kbly more common than the rare case report in the
) f) ?# ~$ a: Dliterature.4
# u5 v4 z! o. Q: E2 ePatient Report( {/ _2 s+ B/ @0 _7 L
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the: s# W( z' r2 D. @% ?$ a9 {. g
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. u; G! J2 [ Pof early sexual development. His mother noticed
8 t" H( H* ]% P# N5 jlight colored pubic hair development when he was! L+ b% v5 b W
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of2 [! s* ?" O0 c9 d" q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.) S( G% ?: \' X8 C6 @1 O0 Y2 P# a! A' Z% s
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
/ n- h, o1 C8 M# O8 c4 jProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ F0 n& o% l* ~ {
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 R. h7 {) \8 F7 `6 Be-mail: [email protected].9 ^6 N ]0 F0 l$ Q4 E/ C8 g& p
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
9 e! o3 z/ J1 a5 [darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
& x) `4 l6 T9 |; zment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 ~/ F: ^- g6 B/ ^
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 x8 V' l q! |/ q J5 l2 ]
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of4 ]+ x& x( F- i
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* n$ T7 H, K/ P, y+ _of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
. `/ N; v: [) b6 n" Rsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
P' p$ f: J8 K, j& ~and his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 m# Z& J- y' I; O7 {/ ]
was age appropriate.
m' M! A+ l) z" d# Y2 Y- qThe family history was remarkable for the father,
, o" n0 @, b! Mwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, ]6 g7 d I+ F2 g" N; A* H
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! X% u: r3 y& w0 ^8 g/ g: _/ q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
1 x1 _$ D9 U" Q5 D5 \. Vearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
5 b! ~# M* e; x! a+ x/ E2 E4 R" mThe father denied taking any other medication. The
) t$ B, g- m) a/ E- Z9 fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
) I/ c: u1 q; uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 J/ X# G5 S8 R* C5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
) B: n) u7 Z7 x$ ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
5 f* @9 ^/ H7 O) {tives. There were no siblings.9 ^0 F- L8 S1 W* B/ q, [" Y# f9 R
Physical Examination
' L* t" D8 f$ I0 u2 g. V: {% rThe physical examination revealed a very active, `/ ?% D4 k1 P
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented6 V8 P+ {$ K" X
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
* d9 P3 m3 g% ^* R1 r9 D" }90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg+ \' x% Q B$ g. Q# O! `6 o
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 d) L) k9 |7 w& O8 s9 ~
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of5 v# x- p/ Q1 t* m2 Q
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.( i: H. C# y, g1 A8 o& O
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for- E$ Z9 K* e9 N- i3 H9 i, F
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of7 g" c% X' C2 a, I0 ~
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well D7 o8 X8 q: @8 |2 g: K
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around! v: |% ? y* J' R
540! Q# b9 d$ p9 k! F) H* S
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. E. \' i* A1 i- H
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
q2 g [8 I' k' p0 Y7 @! ftesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 q3 n0 n6 B @" P/ z7 L9 UThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 [9 Y3 x9 x( n0 x
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" y. v4 S) z6 d& C7 labnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
2 R) N L! B( F% H: \0 @8 SNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, e% B. F" u1 n8 _' Gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion. |8 |: Y/ t2 Z" R1 R' R; H: c# C
of papilledema.9 ~0 x2 i% Y3 v" M
Laboratory Evaluation" J/ C( Y( M7 U/ P+ y2 }
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by$ t7 S# n) ~) U
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% E# i9 G! T1 G, _% w. ]
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 n! i* Y# ^; M8 P; @1 U( B
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
. c# H6 s/ ^6 N4 @: W2 t8 V( s* eshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ U! E5 {8 w( i+ K9 g' k2 N
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
; r* q+ ~" A( M1 J8 L- F/ i& oThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood+ o. j4 Q' n# R( ?5 f
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" J5 Q, q, Q+ w5 V7 n! b, V: _within normal range for his age. The concentration
6 y6 x4 \8 J* K0 N* r( [4 ?of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL4 q8 z C7 l5 S! f# Y0 R2 r1 @6 j7 j
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 c6 c r# C# k% Y; l$ c Yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' `) S4 r( `- z P
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ u( C% A1 |' O' N, Z- y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
+ e/ w, }* ]1 ?9 W+ X/ o49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S): R, ]5 e5 _' X/ ~1 D: P
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! G2 }* z5 A2 O% i$ E' v- R1 K$ N* |
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total+ r! T( `/ G9 m/ o
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
' w" ~9 E* e7 e C5 G/ eand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' V" J8 w' Q, k+ v. K9 @- Z; Y6 x
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
5 K. Q. _: y. {1 t: kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
: O J6 I" F) {( z! u1 econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% S w% B, P0 x8 M# _: m( e
(prepubertal).
% h6 j" R5 h1 ^2 M1 d' C2 fThe parents were notified about the laboratory$ a3 Y& {% Q5 Z) r0 B# N* r1 {5 G* _
results and were informed that all of the tests were
; P- ?, a8 W+ Y- w6 cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The7 y! @' [: x7 v0 v9 V1 X: e$ u
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' x L1 [1 G/ A( v* A' Lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, t/ ]' h- b$ i& l& m- Zever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) B( m* I! b% G; {* l- _- J/ q8 OPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
; R7 V4 a7 \3 Qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 M" z) L5 q) Z ]' N2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
: k% d1 s* l* ~unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' U3 l1 i. H5 t2 \6 j6 h/ B6 G8 B3 gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
& A6 t) ~9 k( A$ ?; P$ Othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2& Q; {- G) O6 v. G" k8 ^: Z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
$ a/ J8 }. J& e2 w2 S9 Y8 F# d( GThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- D+ d9 w$ Z8 R1 M/ [9 N9 g, _
ing frequent erections.
. k5 S4 T) }( a# H( }3 F1 X8 O" uBoth parents were again questioned about use of
, Y& {( a$ ]0 l) @+ Aany ointment/creams that they may have applied to a) I6 D m5 |/ y, h& C
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) p7 K1 c; T/ p; w6 R2 \: m; l
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
5 W/ W- H1 G6 ^0 r2 x7 K. w, uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
" q: g* B# ?2 [+ r* y' Q/ Uing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! k9 k; `4 O M! i' T
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
, {, R0 }7 T: Pto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
# B! }3 R4 B# E/ M" C* [- B% H g- N6 ascribed by his family physician for decreased libido: Z6 K$ N" s8 }
secondary to depression.
9 g# U, w6 t/ \, EThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 p# B" X1 M4 g( J0 ^: B: p5 OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
: d' Y8 G7 C3 p% H& Zchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
+ _9 B5 B) X! y0 h9 `# ` H. t1 xnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
( N) n P7 s4 l8 }! Z4 B" eThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ Z) _/ u U) j8 ]$ E, W; n4 Hwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
F" @ f2 q4 ?' r9 ewas high, he then read the product information9 | Z. R$ A/ I5 A" j- V8 V/ j
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
; p* \. Q5 u, W1 j( l( |! w+ dson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 H* r b- T5 K' v9 A, t# F& C1 [decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the" y5 q: E; o9 k1 ^, F$ m+ \" a
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
0 M% v5 v t" |% o: n. Fbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone% L0 L2 T% r6 d5 L8 X
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; N0 @' w. A9 g* N J
laboratory to obtain the test.+ g: Z0 b1 Z4 I) e2 S; ~9 i3 Q: N
Discussion* J8 i6 J) X* P9 n. ?; w; m# r
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* e7 I" b9 p6 }/ bsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* D4 F+ h) v0 ]) uPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
F- v- F) F; Y3 Qit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 r, d- _* c7 e
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-4 m3 S" H% Q4 f* o. G0 R9 r% C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 Q- l' @5 o% dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is8 R. D: y8 @2 j5 s1 x
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 `0 F3 J$ ]# N! Y% i- Hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-1 }& @$ {6 I; _0 m
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" m5 n( s( g- F9 z" _" o4 i& [boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-9 h0 n8 ?# \( [) ?4 B1 x8 P- J
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet- G9 M$ [, P7 q9 [) Y8 A
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% y% Q' I: E1 U) @1 ]. \
gonadotropins.1,3& n4 a5 I( l/ T! `% O
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' l3 s% j9 \" A2 }8 Hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ G+ A% {" l: X
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
7 c k+ k0 ?- j8 d4 Zexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-2 B" s, ~. [9 g: A
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing, H5 e* m0 @* X- d
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
p. k3 \+ H. e) X, H) {) }- }, Iadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( \- S ]% D! I, B/ g# @8 x9 Mpuberty in boys.3,47 g6 W' \( c: P5 U" u" F. ]
The most common form of congenital adrenal2 G' h) a- g: R$ R% u+ [- @
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.5 |2 @# t1 N. @ p3 R2 r, q
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
! z2 B; O& K4 V' [8 ^* v1 Aexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
( R( M4 |0 G1 Ran adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
7 e. g$ R5 T6 Z* L( p, D! ?# j! Lexcess.1,3
K! J0 a! d5 M0 ~- X4 i' [3 Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! I- v, c+ E, s. Y542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 O0 r" I$ V: K/ U, i+ ?
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- j ?9 C/ ]. l6 C" i K
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 V3 D) h. Q8 E3 x) z+ K4 [as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a y* j4 `0 G7 p4 `
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# B6 ^* ^5 n7 O8 v7 Owith this disorder are full pubertal development,* W' R, u# b- B) i& W, X( F3 \) d
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys% v. I3 r' E3 M. ?
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
1 K; B6 t# q; j$ M. m! E2 Iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show8 w0 A; k/ s3 X+ A4 y3 o
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- S0 O5 x" s$ @
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% W2 [0 o4 U5 Z) r8 c. P* r* C
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 \+ s' Z+ a8 \: n2 k N
males; therefore, other male members of the family6 ^7 b4 ]6 t+ U: R- P1 g7 V3 X
may have similar precocious puberty.3; q3 A, R" }$ s7 U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-. A: [7 y% D9 [5 M- J# c. f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' @2 b. E: ^$ j1 K' Q) Vcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
W+ z! D1 ~3 C J) Q Gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
- ~9 f# @3 K7 \7 rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
# Y' i1 K) b. t/ Q% Utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the- C0 w. a" N' w! m
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 z* m- n3 ], \8 n" I
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ ?' G# E; M8 l% X/ r
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
% Q8 K7 o7 C q! i5 Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase: b/ H- U% s2 ~! U: @
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' v6 o( x- ? ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.( L+ [/ f \3 \1 ^& ]; T. ]8 S
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly, p2 }) J8 U' L7 D7 K
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because1 d% n9 i( q, }, p3 D+ {* j# d( J
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% l" C6 ]6 } c: a; e% Q% p) Dpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
8 B/ m5 z! m2 F* F. Gdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
0 E4 g; L8 L( R7 E/ }+ P9 }" `) i1 mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
3 D/ G, |' H% I4 \1 ^using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 o9 } T) m+ [ s3 K9 d' ]Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" ^2 T) z8 T9 U- Z0 d+ T+ N! P8 ?, e
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 b, Y" M T( v- O( E
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.; o, V: j. G: w9 h& M6 z
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the1 ^& Y8 R& _4 [/ ?6 ]8 h
baseline value in those females who were exposed to) H5 D( j% o( g1 p5 L- |1 p
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male/ e& f+ c0 L* [9 \
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-1 T$ a: o- [( F2 s u* [6 c
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ ?$ P8 g1 N9 x& cOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: h% J* ]. S% g4 F1 z- W3 e
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
y, l5 x/ Q: C( b! t8 f: Z8 tdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
F2 ~5 q) S2 I" l( Xterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' e! q# i" Y* Q. n& { A' a
active in young children exposed to testosterone
1 p2 ?( J, ?8 Q" ?6 k( e) R( pexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 k. a* ~/ i$ g
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to5 V$ I- d! ^/ Z6 J1 N' q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in7 G+ A6 M) ^2 {4 y1 g& `
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
m& {+ u7 v+ M2 t- ^8 j+ {3 ^0 {advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ v7 \7 O5 x% }$ Q$ t; v+ TThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
6 u( j+ ~& B( g+ w. d3 ^early childhood on pubertal development and final
) O2 O- D" |+ K: a. Uadult height are not fully known and always remain* |; c9 U5 ?' J! m4 L1 b
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
6 S4 K+ c% E, w# nterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& f P( W9 W# |
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after( F. Y9 X! f' ~% U! A
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# ]) g3 P' t0 A6 f- w3 O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,94 |" a0 C& ^2 Z2 E
There are conflicting reports and controversy8 F3 q7 L3 o j k. ]6 f3 [
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
9 O T$ F' R. K9 f. Npenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 X# V% D% E7 t. H# p8 o
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-' S# C2 X' P% R/ Y7 k l5 x
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,0 i0 \* Q2 o( y% r
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between! Q5 z9 Z: j0 i5 G! R- R
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult2 P+ v/ R9 K1 R6 V3 ^! l3 L
penile length in clinical studies.
. ]% f( }: R6 p6 w; s! a& d$ q8 KNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
4 M% y9 ^* m7 o V5 q' Bgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from: w' e0 K& h! I( F/ A( ^
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because* e5 V o8 v4 @8 Y, W$ A) m
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
3 H, G0 ]) L7 W6 k( z$ uAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of0 u, p% g; A0 z2 M0 h
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& [ g* a/ k0 M
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult3 f* K5 M8 g1 w4 {/ F, L* y. F
height will not be affected.4 @: Y/ p% x1 A5 t, z
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ h* @$ d9 U; |! r9 x$ lability of androgen products in our society may; _* m# g+ e2 [
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 N5 h0 J- ?: g2 xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-5 \$ g$ W5 h5 Q/ W
gen products must be considered and specific ques-* R1 v$ d" L# S C( L* n/ K* A: a
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 R5 ?; h( Y; ` R% i9 r
gel should be asked of the family members during
9 J4 m' l% ]7 I _# S7 V$ nthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-" A; s! l+ U4 W9 I2 p
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 c3 O, j: S1 {5 H; q# L
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; L, b" c# n7 m! i7 c3 _appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 w2 `' j" W' M: X4 O6 Z6 }- @
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! {# p) d- d6 g
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
3 E: b5 \1 l0 linvestigation. The primary care physician should be1 J) D* ^8 ~" c2 r, K
aware of this fact, because most of these children+ C8 y! X F: h
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’) R; X8 r }3 X" J& _
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& d3 k. d. @4 ~/ l! r3 hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or; a) f- X" A& R5 n
female child who might come in contact with some-
8 K' I @: Y! y4 w2 Q& e ~one using any of these products.# a0 @) h5 {6 V% p/ Y, \8 e0 S, L$ |
References
0 H `! K1 u8 Z }; K3 g$ |1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
" F$ U/ a" @6 z7 F: o5 gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric" \8 W) ~+ n" |# }6 }: y2 }
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 P X7 Z$ C( W2 {7 G2002: 565-628.
9 H$ L% h+ w5 t. B4 T7 U2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
# i6 \. B$ \6 P8 Cpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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